Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure-2

necrotic (B) activities of MF37. The apoptotic effect of the bacterium was determined by measuring the accumulation of NOin the medium resulting from the activation of inducible NO synthase activity in glial cells. The necrotic activity of the bacterium was assessed by measuring the accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the medium resulting from rupture of the cytoplasmic membrane of glial cells. Values are expressed as mean concentrations of NOor LDH in the culture medium after 24 h of incubation with untreated (n = 32) or treated (n = 24 for dbcAMP, and n = 22 for 8BcGMP) bacteria. Data are means for four independent experiments. *** : Significantly different (< 0.001).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/114</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():114-114.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488351.</p><p></p

Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure-1

F lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) resulting from rupture of the cytoplasmic membrane of glial cells and consequently release of the enzyme. Values are expressed as the mean concentration of LDH in the culture medium after 24 h of incubation with untreated (n = 20) or treated (n = 20 for BNP, and n = 17 for CNP) bacteria. Data are means for four independent experiments. * : Significantly different (< 0.05). *** : Significantly different (< 0.001).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/114</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():114-114.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488351.</p><p></p

Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure-5

MF37. EOF, electo-osmotic flux. Arrows and numbers refer to the different molecular forms identified in the LPS from MF37.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/114</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():114-114.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488351.</p><p></p

Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure-6

Of NOresulting from the activation of inducible NO synthase activity in glial cells. Values are expressed as the mean concentration of NOproduced by glial cells following exposure (24 h) to untreated (n = 28) or treated (n = 24 for BNP, and n = 15 for CNP) bacteria. Data are means of four independent experiments. *** : Significantly different (< 0.001). NS: Not significantly different.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/114</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():114-114.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488351.</p><p></p

Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure-4

Apoptotic (A) and necrotic (B) activity of its LPS. The apoptotic effect of the LPS was determined by measurement of the accumulation of NOin the medium resulting from the activation of inducible NO synthase activity in glial cells. The necrotic action of the LPS was assessed by measurement of the accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the medium resulting from rupture of the cytoplasmic membrane of glial cells. Values are expressed as mean concentrations of NOor LDH in the culture medium after 24 h of incubation with untreated (n = 9) or treated (n = 11 for dbcAMP, and n = 11 for 8BcGMP) LPS (500 ng.ml). Data are means for three independent experiments. * : Significantly different (< 0.05). NS: Not significantly different.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/114</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():114-114.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488351.</p><p></p

Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure-0

Of NOresulting from the activation of inducible NO synthase activity in glial cells. Values are expressed as the mean concentration of NOproduced by glial cells following exposure (24 h) to untreated (n = 28) or treated (n = 24 for BNP, and n = 15 for CNP) bacteria. Data are means of four independent experiments. *** : Significantly different (< 0.001). NS: Not significantly different.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/114</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():114-114.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488351.</p><p></p

Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure-3

Erial concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (A) and cGMP (B) in MF37. Data are means for three independent experiments (n = 9) ** : Significantly different (< 0.01). NS: Not significantly different.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Natriuretic peptides modify cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/8/114</p><p>BMC Microbiology 2008;8():114-114.</p><p>Published online 9 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488351.</p><p></p

Antimicrobial peptides used in this study.

<p>^a Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of PAO1 WT against different antimicrobial peptides were determined in MH broth using a standard two-fold serial dilution protocol for microtiter plates. Data represent mode MIC values of three independent experiments for each strain.</p

Summarized microarray data of dysregulated <i>P. aeruginosa</i> genes in response to LL-37.

<p>Mid-log phase cultures of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PAO1 were grown in MH broth containing either 20 µg/ml LL-37 or no LL-37 for 2 h at 37°C following RNA extraction and microarray analysis. The graph shows functions of more than 1.5-fold up- or downregulated genes according to the <i>Pseudomonas</i> Genome Database <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082240#pone.0082240-Gooderham2" target="_blank">[28]</a>. Hypothetical genes are not shown.</p

Time-killing of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PAO1 by antibiotics ciprofloxacin (A) or gentamicin (B) in the absence or presence of LL-37.

<p>Mid-log phase bacterial cultures were incubated with either 20 µg/ml LL-37 (filled circles) or without LL-37 (open squares) for 2 h. Following dilution of bacterial cultures to 10⁷ cells/ml and addition of 3-fold MIC concentrations of antibiotics ciprofloxacin (0.18 µg/ml) or gentamicin (1.5 µg/ml), colony forming units at indicated time points were determined using the optimized drop plate method <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082240#pone.0082240-Herigstad1" target="_blank">[27]</a>. Experiments were performed in triplicate. The figure shows representative results of one experiment. Error bars indicate standard deviations of 10 spots per sample plated out on two different agar plates (n = 10).</p