Distributions of allelic richness in 14 range expansion models. Model names refer to the description given in <b>Table 1</b>.

<p>Distributions of allelic richness in 14 range expansion models. Model names refer to the description given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021592#pone-0021592-t001" target="_blank"><b>Table 1</b></a>.</p

The 14 wave-of-advance models.

1<p>350 generations ago. In these simulations, Europe was colonized in less than 180 generations (SPLATCHE parameters m = 0.45, r = 0.5).</p>2<p>700 generations ago. In these simulations, Europe was colonized in less than 180 generations (SPLATCHE parameters m = 0.45, r = 0.5).</p>3<p>100 generations ago. In these simulations, Europe was colonized in less than 50 generations (SPLATCHE parameters m = 0.9, r = 1.0).</p>4<p>Anatolian origin 39°N, 32°E.</p>5<p>Italian origin 41°N, 13°E.</p>6<p>Iberian peninsula origin 40°N, 3°E.</p>7<p>6.96×10⁻⁴ per generation – Evolutionary Mutation Rate (EMR, Zhivotovsky et al 2006).</p>8<p>6×10⁻⁴ to 3×10⁻³ per generation – Germline Mutation Rates (GMR, Balaresque et al 2010).</p

Interpolated maps of sample microsatellite genetic diversity.

<p>Best fitting simulation obtained under Model A) Recent expansion from Anatolia (GMR), B) Neolithic expansion from Anatolia (GMR), C) Neolithic expansion from Anatolia (EMR), D) Genetic diversity in the actual data. Circles indicate sample locations.</p

Sum of squared errors statistics computed over 100,000 replicates of each model.

<p>*significant at P<0.0001; All expansions started from Anatolia. GMR: Germline Mutation Rate, EMR: Evolutionary Mutation Rate.</p

Distribution of sum of squared distances between simulated and observed local microsatellite diversity in 14 range expansion models.

<p>Distribution of sum of squared distances between simulated and observed local microsatellite diversity in 14 range expansion models.</p

The initial configuration for simulating Checkerboard, Cell Sorting and Engulfment patterns

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "A statistical approach to estimating the strength of cell-cell interactions under the differential adhesion hypothesis"</p><p>http://www.tbiomed.com/content/4/1/37</p><p>Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling 2007;4():37-37.</p><p>Published online 18 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2213651.</p><p></p> It consists of about 1,000 active cells surrounded by an extracellular medium. The active cells are randomly located in the unit sphere, and their types are randomly sampled from . Cells of type are colored in black while cells of type are colored in grey. One hundred cells of type were uniformely placed on the frontier of the unit disc

The Effect of Fertility Inheritance on the Balance Measure Mean <i>I</i>′

<p>For each value of the fertility inheritance parameter <i>α,</i> 100 coalescent trees with 100 individuals were simulated. The extremities of the boxes correspond to the first and the third quartiles. The horizontal line in each box represents the median, and the whiskers extend to the most extreme data points. The horizontal line indicates 0.5, the expected value of mean <i>I</i>′ under the neutral coalescent.</p

The Effect of Population Expansion and Fertility Inheritance on the Balance Measure Mean <i>I</i>′

<p>For each value of the fertility inheritance parameter <i>α</i> and each scenario of population expansion, 100 coalescent trees with 100 individuals were simulated. Each point corresponds to the mean value of the mean <i>I</i>′ for the 100 replicates. The parameter <i>r</i> denotes the geometric rate of the population expansion and <i>S</i> denotes the time, measured in generations, since the beginning of the expansion.</p

The Effect of the Starting Time <i>T</i> of the Fertility Inheritance Process on the <i>α</i> Value above Which It Is Possible to Detect Imbalanced Trees

<p>Tree imbalance was detected when more than 90% of the simulated trees were more unbalanced than expected under the neutral model (type I error = 10%). The starting time is measured backward in time. The parameter <i>τ</i> denotes the length of time, measured in generations, over which fertility inheritance occurred. The solid lines have been obtained using a linear regression between log <i>α</i> and log <i>T.</i></p

Additional file 5: Figure S4. of New insights into HCV replication in original cells from Aedes mosquitoes

HCV Infection protocols. (A) for human HepaRG hepatocytes (“H”) and (B) for insect cells, Ktmos1 (“K”, Ae Aegypti) and C6/36 (“C”, Ae Albopictus). The infection was performed using HCVsp, LAT isolate, genotype 3. D, day; − before infection; D0, day of infection; D4, D7, D14, D21, D28, days post-infection and medium change. P17, P18, passages 17 and 18. HepaRG®, HepaRG cells from KIT902 (Biopredic International). Over the time, HepaRG and Ktmos1 cells in monolayer became more and more differentiated. (TIFF 300 kb