Ganglioside profile of the retina and other ocular tissues, brain and plasma.

<p>A. Resorcinol-stained HPTLC plate of GGs extracted from retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid, ciliary body, optic nerve, brain and plasma. GG aliquots (4–7 independent samples) were pooled for each tissue type to represent a total of 10 nmol GG-sialic acid spotted per lane. A standard mixture of ganglio-series GGs (Std, 5 nmol sialic acid) was also spotted. The plate was developed in CHCl₃/CH₃OH/0.2% CaCl₂ (55:45:10, v/v/v) and revealed with resorcinol reagent. B. Quantitative distribution of GG classes calculated from a standard curve of each GG class. Results are expressed in nmol GG/mg protein or nmol GG/mL plasma.</p

Ceramide proportions in retinal GG classes (A, C, E) and in retinal and brain GT3 and AcGT3 (B, D and F).

<p>Means of 4–7 independent samples and 95% confidence ellipses are represented on ternary diagrams for various groups of ceramides: (36:1 + 38:1), (40:1 + 42:2 + 42:1) ceramides and other molecular species (A and B); ceramides with 1, 2 and 3 unsaturations (C and D); ceramides with 34 carbons or less, 42 carbons or more and other molecular species (E and F). Axes from 0 to 1 for the three variables are represented on B and the proportions for retinal GT3 are shown as an example.</p

Statistically significant associations between erythrocyte and retinal individual choline-phospholipid concentrations evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

a<p>: Abbreviations of individual PC and PlsC species are as follows: position on the glycerol backbone as shown as sn-1/sn-2 of the fatty acid and fatty alcohol radicals (abbreviated as number of carbons: number of double bonds).</p

Ceramide proportions in the GG classes of the retina and other ocular tissues, brain and plasma.

<p>Ceramide proportions in the GG classes of the retina and other ocular tissues, brain and plasma.</p

Erythrocyte PC16:0/20:4 as a possible marker of a pool of retinal VLC-PUFA.

<p><b>A</b>): In the retina, VLC-PUFA accounted for about 25% of retinal PC species esterified to DHA, themself representing 11% of retinal total PC and PlsC. <b>B</b>): PC34:6/22:6, PC36:6/22:6, and PC36:5/22:6 were the longest and the most unsaturated VLC-PUFA in the retina. These three species accounted for 22.7% of total retinal VLC-PUFA. <b>C</b>) This pool of retinal VLC-PUFA was negatively associated with erythrocyte PC16:0/20:4 (<i>rSpearman</i> = −0.783, <i>P</i> = 0.01). Abbreviations of individual PC species are as follows: position on the glycerol backbone as shown as <i>sn-1</i>/<i>sn</i>-2 of the fatty alcohol radicals (abbreviated as <i>number of carbons: number of double bonds</i>).</p

LC-ESI-MS normal-phase chromatogram of the lipid extract from human retina.

<p>The retention times of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl-inositol (PI), phosphatidyl-serine (PS), phosphatidyl-choline (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), and lyso-phosphatidyl-choline (LPC) classes were of 7–8.5 min, 11–12 min, 12–14 min, 15.5–22 min, and 23–27.5 min, respectively. The mass spectrometer was operated under full scan in the negative ion mode from 0 to 15 min and in the positive ion mode from 15 min to 40 min.</p

Erythrocyte fatty acid composition of controls and diabetic patients without or with diabetic retinopathy at mild, moderate, severe, and proliferative stages (% of total fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) + dimethylacetals (DMAs)).

a<p>Based on Kruskall-Wallis test, significantly different when compared to controls (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p>Erythrocyte fatty acid composition of controls and diabetic patients without or with diabetic retinopathy at mild, moderate, severe, and proliferative stages (% of total fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) + dimethylacetals (DMAs)).</p

Concentration of individual species of phosphatidyl-choline (PC) and plasmenyl-choline (PlsC) in erythrocytes from controls and diabetic patients without or with mild, moderate, severe or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (results are expressed as µg of mg phospholipids).

<p>Abbreviations of individual PC and PlsC species are as follows: position on the glycerol backbone as shown as sn-1/sn-2 of the fatty acid and fatty alcohol radicals (abbreviated as number of carbons: number of double bonds).</p>a<p>Based on Kruskall-Wallis test, significantly different when compared to controls (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p>Concentration of individual species of phosphatidyl-choline (PC) and plasmenyl-choline (PlsC) in erythrocytes from controls and diabetic patients without or with mild, moderate, severe or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (results are expressed as µg of mg phospholipids).</p

Profiles of PUFAs’s oxygenated metabolites.

<p>(A) Plasma concentrations of oxylipins originating from AA (20∶4 n-6), EPA (20∶5 n-3), and DHA (22∶6 n-3). (B) Liver contents of peroxidation metabolites originating from n-6 PUFAs (4-HNE-P), n-3 PUFAs (4-HHE-P) and DHA (F₄-NeuroPs). Data represent means ± SEM (n = 10/group). ^a,b,c Mean values with unlike letters were significantly different (p<0.05).</p

Correlations between the doses of DHA and the cardiovascular parameters (i.e. plasma TG and TC, liver TG and TC, sBP, and plaque area).

<p>LDLR^−/− mice were given by daily oral gavages (20 weeks) either oleic acid rich sunflower oil (Control group) or a mixture of oleic acid rich sunflower oil and DHA rich tuna oil providing 0.1%, 1% or 2% of energy as DHA (DHA1, DHA2, and DHA3 groups respectively).</p