Diversidad de aves de los bosques montanos en el departamento del Cusco

Se presenta un estudio de la diversidad de aves de bosques montanos en el departamento del Cusco basado en revisión de colecciones de Museo y bibliografía. 671 especies de aves fueron registradas en total para los bosques montanos de Cusco ubicados entre los 700 a 3800 m de altitud: 584 especies para el Parque Nacional del Manu, 325 para Machupicchu, 150 para Choquequirao, 131 para Yanatile y 190 para el valle de Marcapata.  El grado de similitud de Jaccard para todos los casos fue menor al 50%. A pesar que existe varias investigaciones en el Manu y Machupicchu, existen vacíos de información en la diversidad de aves en los valles de Marcapata, Yanatile, Umasbamba, la cuenca media del río Urubamba, y Choquequirao

Interventional radiology in gallstones, what's new?

La litiasis biliar se conoce como la presencia de cálculos o piedras en la vesícula biliar. Se conocen diferentes factores patógenos asociados a la formación de los cálculos en los que se incluyen antecedentes genéticos relacionados con la hipersecreción hepática de colesterol y bilis. Su tratamiento se basa en la colecistectomía laparoscópica, sin embargo la complicación post operatoria conocida como cálculo biliar “retenido” sintomático basándose en un tratamiento con el uso de drenaje y/o aspiración de las colecciones, pero los avances con la radiología intervencionista permitió medios menos invasivos. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos con diferentes descriptores relacionados con el tema. Dando como resultado diferentes reportes de casos en los que se reflejan como el uso de la radiología intervencionista en los cálculos biliares ha permitido ser un método menos invasivo en estos casos, así como diferentes enfoques que han buscado los radiólogos intervencionistas para la extracción de los cálculos biliares. Por ello, la radiología intervencionista ofrece una alternativa ideal y prometedora en el manejo de la litiasis y colelitiasis.Gallstones are known as the presence of calculi or stones in the gallbladder. Different pathogenic factors associated with stone formation are known, including genetic background related to hepatic hypersecretion of cholesterol and bile. Its treatment is based on laparoscopic cholecystectomy, however the postoperative complication known as symptomatic "retained" gallstone is based on a treatment with the use of drainage and/or aspiration of the collections, but advances with interventional radiology allowed less invasive means. A search for articles with different descriptors related to the topic was carried out. Resulting in different case reports that reflect how the use of interventional radiology in gallstones has allowed a less invasive method in these cases, as well as different approaches that interventional radiologists have sought for the extraction of gallstones. Therefore, interventional radiology offers an ideal and promising alternative in the management of lithiasis and cholelithiasis

Soluble CD137 as a dynamic biomarker to monitor agonist CD137 immunotherapies

Background On the basis of efficacy in mouse tumor models, multiple CD137 (4-1BB) agonist agents are being preclinically and clinically developed. The costimulatory molecule CD137 is inducibly expressed as a transmembrane or as a soluble protein (sCD137). Moreover, the CD137 cytoplasmic signaling domain is a key part in approved chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Reliable pharmacodynamic biomarkers for CD137 ligation and costimulation of T cells will facilitate clinical development of CD137 agonists in the clinic.Methods We used human and mouse CD8 T cells undergoing activation to measure CD137 transcription and protein expression levels determining both the membrane-bound and soluble forms. In tumor-bearing mice plasma sCD137 concentrations were monitored on treatment with agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Human CD137 knock-in mice were treated with clinical-grade agonist anti-human CD137 mAb (Urelumab). Sequential plasma samples were collected from the first patients intratumorally treated with Urelumab in the INTRUST clinical trial. Anti-mesothelin CD137-encompassing CAR-transduced T cells were stimulated with mesothelin coated microbeads. sCD137 was measured by sandwich ELISA and Luminex. Flow cytometry was used to monitor CD137 surface expression.Results CD137 costimulation upregulates transcription and protein expression of CD137 itself including sCD137 in human and mouse CD8 T cells. Immunotherapy with anti-CD137 agonist mAb resulted in increased plasma sCD137 in mice bearing syngeneic tumors. sCD137 induction is also observed in human CD137 knock-in mice treated with Urelumab and in mice transiently humanized with T cells undergoing CD137 costimulation inside subcutaneously implanted Matrigel plugs. The CD137 signaling domain-containing CAR T cells readily released sCD137 and acquired CD137 surface expression on antigen recognition. Patients treated intratumorally with low dose Urelumab showed increased plasma concentrations of sCD137.Conclusion sCD137 in plasma and CD137 surface expression can be used as quantitative parameters dynamically reflecting therapeutic costimulatory activity elicited by agonist CD137-targeted agents