In situ interlayer hot forging arc-based directed energy deposition of Inconel® 625: process development and microstructure effects

The typical as-built coarse and cube-oriented microstructure of Inconel® 625 parts fabricated via arc-based directed energy deposition (DED) induces anisotropic mechanical behavior, reducing the potential applications of arc-based DEDed Inconel® 625 in critical components. In this sense, the present work aimed to reduce the grain size and texture by applying an in situ interlayer hot forging (HF) combined with post-deposition heat treatments (PDHT). The produced samples were characterized through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron backscatter diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and Vickers microhardness. Also, a dedicated deformation tool was designed and optimized via a finite element method model considering the processing conditions and thermal cycle experienced by the material. It is shown that the in situ interlayer deformation induced a thermo-mechanical-affected zone (dynamic recrystallized + remaining deformation, with a height of ˜ 1.2 mm) at the bead top surface, which resulted in thinner aligned grains and lower texture index in relation to as-built DED counterpart. In addition, the effects of solution (1100 °C/ 1 h) and stabilization (980 °C/ 1 h) PDHTs on the Inconel® 625 HF-DEDed parts were also analyzed, which promoted fine and equiaxed static recrystallized grains without cube orientation, comparable to wrought material. Therefore, the HF-DED process significantly refined the typical coarse and highly oriented microstructure of Ni-based superalloys obtained by arc-based DED.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

O cooperativismo urbano: A experiência das cooperativas habitacionais no Brasil e no Uruguai

This article seeks to inform about the model of housing cooperativism, its historical, political and social characteristics and its legal configuration, presenting in this text the example of Brazilian and Uruguayan cooperatives. It seeks to relate the experiences under analysis, highlighting the historical importance of housing cooperative initiatives in urban legality in a general context and in particular experiences. Initially, a brief reference is made to the problem of social housing in Brazil, of urban politics in Brazil and to the history of housing cooperativism in the country and then to analyze experiences of cooperative organizations in the cities of Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and the experience of housing cooperatives in Uruguay, especially the model of the Uruguayan Federation of Cooperatives of Villa by Mutual Assistance - FUCVAM. Housing cooperatives in Uruguay are examples of quality housing through social mobilization. The experiences in both countries reveal the importance of stimulating housing cooperatives in the search for a less exclusive and unequal society.O presente artigo busca informar sobre o modelo do cooperativismo habitacional, suas características históricas, políticas e sociais e sua configuração jurídica, apresentando neste texto o exemplo de cooperativas brasileiras e uruguaias. Busca-se relacionar as experiências em análise, salientando a importância histórica das iniciativas das cooperativas habitacionais na legalidade urbanística num contexto geral e nas experiências em particular. Inicialmente é feita uma breve referência do problema da habitação social no Brasil, da politica urbana no Brasil e do histórico do cooperativismo habitacional no país para depois analisar experiências de organizações cooperativas nas cidades de Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves, no Estado do rio Grande do Sul, no Brasil, e a experiência das cooperativas habitacionais no Uruguai, especialmente o modelo da Federação Uruguaia de Cooperativas de Vivenda por Ajuda Mutua- FUCVAM. As cooperativas habitacionais no Uruguai são exemplos de uma produção de moradias de qualidade por meio da mobilização social. As experiências nos dois países revelam a importância do estímulo às cooperativas habitacionais na busca de uma sociedade menos excludente e desigua

O cooperativismo urbano: A experiência das cooperativas habitacionais no Brasil e no Uruguai

This article seeks to inform about the model of housing cooperativism, its historical, political and social characteristics and its legal configuration, presenting in this text the example of Brazilian and Uruguayan cooperatives. It seeks to relate the experiences under analysis, highlighting the historical importance of housing cooperative initiatives in urban legality in a general context and in particular experiences. Initially, a brief reference is made to the problem of social housing in Brazil, of urban politics in Brazil and to the history of housing cooperativism in the country and then to analyze experiences of cooperative organizations in the cities of Porto Alegre and Bento Gonçalves, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and the experience of housing cooperatives in Uruguay, especially the model of the Uruguayan Federation of Cooperatives of Villa by Mutual Assistance - FUCVAM. Housing cooperatives in Uruguay are examples of quality housing through social mobilization. The experiences in both countries reveal the importance of stimulating housing cooperatives in the search for a less exclusive and unequal society.O presente artigo busca informar sobre o modelo do cooperativismo habitacional, suas características históricas, políticas e sociais e sua configuração jurídica, apresentando neste texto o exemplo de cooperativas brasileiras e uruguaias. Busca-se relacionar as experiências em análise, salientando a importância histórica das iniciativas das cooperativas habitacionais na legalidade urbanística num contexto geral e nas experiências em particular. Inicialmente é feita uma breve referência do problema da habitação social no Brasil, da politica urbana no Brasil e do histórico do cooperativismo habitacional no país para depois analisar experiências de organizações cooperativas nas cidades de Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves, no Estado do rio Grande do Sul, no Brasil, e a experiência das cooperativas habitacionais no Uruguai, especialmente o modelo da Federação Uruguaia de Cooperativas de Vivenda por Ajuda Mutua- FUCVAM. As cooperativas habitacionais no Uruguai são exemplos de uma produção de moradias de qualidade por meio da mobilização social. As experiências nos dois países revelam a importância do estímulo às cooperativas habitacionais na busca de uma sociedade menos excludente e desigua