Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 Improves Dermal Wound Healing in Genetically Diabetic Mice

Oxidative stress is widely recognized as an important factor in the delayed wound healing in diabetes. However, the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in this process is unknown. It was assumed that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are involved in many wound-healing processes in both diabetic humans and animals. We have applied the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant 10-(6′-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) to explore the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the wound healing of genetically diabetic mice. Healing of full-thickness excisional dermal wounds in diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db−/db− mice was significantly enhanced after long-term (12 weeks) administration of SkQ1. SkQ1 accelerated wound closure and stimulated epithelization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularization. On the 7th day after wounding, SkQ1 treatment increased the number of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells (myofibroblasts), reduced the number of neutrophils, and increased macrophage infiltration. SkQ1 lowered lipid peroxidation level but did not change the level of the circulatory IL-6 and TNF. SkQ1 pretreatment also stimulated cell migration in a scratch-wound assay in vitro under hyperglycemic condition. Thus, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant normalized both inflammatory and regenerative phases of wound healing in diabetic mice. Our results pointed to nearly all the major steps of wound healing as the target of excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in type II diabetes

Distribution, phosphorylation, and activities of Hsp25 in heat-stressed H9c2 myoblasts: a functional link to cytoprotection

The behavior of the endogenous heat shock protein 25 (Hsp25) in heat-stressed rat H9c2 myoblasts was studied. After mild or severe heating, this protein became less extractable with Triton X-100 and displayed characteristic immunofluorescence patterns, namely (1) granules in the nucleus, and (2) association with F-actin bundles in the cytoplasm. The intranuclear granulation of Hsp25 and its association with F-actin were sensitive to drugs affecting Hsp25 phosphorylation (cantharidin, sodium orthovanadate, SB203580, SB202190). Isoform analysis of Hsp25 translocated to the nucleus-free cytoskeletal fraction revealed only mono- and biphosphorylated Hsp25 and no unphosphorylated Hsp25. Transfected luciferase with initial localization in the nucleosol became colocalized with the Hsp25-containing granules after a heat shock treatment that denatured the enzyme in the cells. The association of Hsp25 with actin filaments after a mild heat stress conferred protection from subsequent F-actin–damaging treatments with cytochalasins (D and B) or severe heat stress. We hypothesize that (1) the binding of heat-denatured nucleosolic proteins to the Hsp25 contained in specific granular structures may serve for the subsequent chaperoning or degradation of the bound proteins, and (2) the actin cytoskeleton is stabilized by the direct targeting of phosphorylated Hsp25 to microfilament bundles