колективна монографія

Кримінальний процесуальний кодекс 2012 року: ідеологія та практика правозастосування: колективна монографія / за заг. ред. Ю. П. Аленіна ; відпов. за вип. І. В. Гловюк. - Одеса : Видавничий дім «Гельветика», 2018. - 1148 с

Preferable location of chromosomes 1, 29, and X in bovine spermatozoa

Chromosome positioning in sperm nucleus may have a functional significance by influencing the sequence of post-fertilization events. In this study we present data on preferential locations of chromosomes 1, 29 and X in Bos taurus spermatozoa. Here we demonstrate that the position of X chromosome in the sperm nucleus is more restricted as compared to the position of chromosome 1, which is about of the same size. Our data support the concept of the functional significance of genome architecture in male germline cells

Positioning of Chromosomes in Human Spermatozoa Is Determined by Ordered Centromere Arrangement

<div><p>The intranuclear positioning of chromosomes (CHRs) is a well-documented fact; however, mechanisms directing such ordering remain unclear. Unlike somatic cells, human spermatozoa contain distinct spatial markers and have asymmetric nuclei which make them a unique model for localizing CHR territories and matching peri-centromere domains. In this study, we established statistically preferential longitudinal and lateral positioning for eight CHRs. Both parameters demonstrated a correlation with the CHR gene densities but not with their sizes. Intranuclear non-random positioning of the CHRs was found to be driven by a specific linear order of centromeres physically interconnected in continuous arrays. In diploid spermatozoa, linear order of peri-centromeres was identical in two genome sets and essentially matched the arrangement established for haploid cells. We propose that the non-random longitudinal order of CHRs in human spermatozoa is generated during meiotic stages of spermatogenesis. The specific arrangement of sperm CHRs may serve as an epigenetic basis for differential transcription/replication and direct spatial CHR organization during early embryogenesis.</p> </div

Localization of chromosome territories in human spermatozoa.

<p>(A) A typical image of chromosome territories in spermatozoa obtained using FISH with WCP probes. HSA18 paint – red, HSA3 – green, total DNA stained with DAPI – blue. (B) The scheme explaining the determination of CT center coordinates following FISH. The apical end of the ellipsoid sperm cell is on the left (<b><i>x</i></b> = 0), the tail (green) attachment point - on the right. (C) Examples of the statistical evaluation of chromosome positioning. Position of each CT was determined in ≥80 cells. Left - contour plots showing the probability to find the CT center within the given area of the nucleus (red – the most probable localization). The color-coded bar at the bottom of the figure represents the p-value, with the red indicating p≤0.125 (the most probable localization) and the navy 0.875≤p≤1.000. The central and the right panels – frequency distribution plots for the longitudinal (along the long nuclear axis) and the lateral (along the short nuclear axis) positioning, respectively. Scale bar – 5 µm.</p

Relation between chromosome properties and their intranuclear localization in spermatozoa.

<p>(A) Examples of the CHR longitudinal coordinate determination using the Gaussian approximation (red line) of the frequency distribution data (black line). Numerical values of longitudinal (B) and lateral (D) coordinates of the CT centers. Correlations between the longitudinal (C) or the lateral (E) chromosome positioning and densities of coding sequences (left panels) or the chromosome size (right panels). <b><i>x</i></b> – the distance from the apical end of the sperm nuclei, <b><i>h</i></b> – the distance between the CT center and the long nuclear axis as described in the scheme <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052944#pone-0052944-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1,B</a>.</p

In human spermatozoa, nonhomologous centromeres are arranged in arrays with the fixed chromosome-specific linear order.

<p>(A) Visualization of CEN arrays using FISH with pan-CEN DNA probe. Nucleus borders, determined by DAPI staining are shown by a blue dashed line. (B) The outline of the sequential FISH procedure. First, cells were hybridized with pan-CEN probe (a, green). Cells that demonstrated unfolded CEN strings were subjected to sequential FISH with chromosome-specific peri-CEN probes (b–e). (f) - Artificial colors were assigned to the peri-CEN signals and images were merged. (g) - Schematic representation of the chromosome-specific peri-CEN localization. (C) Examples of CEN localization along sperm chromocenter arrays. (D) The cumulative scheme. (E) The order of CENs is preserved in diploid sperm nuclei. (a) Diploid sperm cells revealed using FISH with chromosome-specific peri-CEN probes; merged images after sequential FISH. (b) - Schematic representation of chromosome-specific peri-CEN localization. (c) - Cumulative scheme. Noteworthy, two sets of chromosomes have the same linear order matching with the arrangement established in haploid sperm nuclei (D). Scale bars in A–E – 5 µm.</p

Reclaimed Mine Sites: Forests and Plant Diversity

The relationship between vegetation and selected soil characteristics in different monoculture forest types was investigated as part of a landscape restoration project after brown coal mining. Six forest types were selected: alder (Alnus sp.), spruce (Picea sp.), pine (Pinus sp.), larch (Larix sp.), long-term deciduous forest (Quercus robur, Tilia sp.), and forest created by spontaneous succession. These stands were classified into two age categories (younger and older). The soil attributes, C/N, TC, TN, pH, and A horizon depth were assessed. The observed species were categorized into functional groups by life history, life forms according to Raunkiær, and affinity to the forest environment. C/N ratio, humus thickness, and canopy cover were the main soil parameters affecting plant communities. The highest C/N values were recorded in Pinus and Larix stands, which were significantly different from deciduous and succession stands. The highest diversity index was noted in younger stands of Alnus and the lowest in younger stands of Picea. Intermediate values of the diversity index were achieved in successional stands at both age levels and in Larix and Alnus stands. The species belonging to a functional group was not an important factor in these habitat types. The species composition and vegetation change over time in the Alnus, long-life deciduous, and Larix stands show that these species are more suitable for forestry reclamation than spruce or pine. The study also emphasizes the great value of spontaneous succession areas as full-fledged alternatives to forestry reclamation

Model of chromosome organization in human spermatozoa.

<p>Compact CTs (filled contours) have overall hairpin conformations (chromosome paths indicated by dashed lines) with the <i>p</i> and <i>q</i> telomere/sub-telomere domains (orange circles) forming dimers at nuclear periphery. Gene-rich CHRs – rosy, gene-poor – indigo. CTs are connected via centromeres/peri-centromeres (green circles and lines) into arrays and have a fixed linear order which determines the longitudinal positioning of chromosomes.</p

Localization of chromosome-specific peri-centromeric sequences in human spermatozoa.

<p>(A) Typical patterns of FISH with HSA18 peri-CEN probe. Scale bar – 5 µm. (B) The contour plot showing the preferential intranuclear localization of HSA18 (n≥80). (C) Sample frequency distribution plots for HSA 1, 17 and Y show that longitudinal localization of CTs (black lines) matches with the localization of corresponding CENs (red lines). (D) The correlation between the longitudinal positioning of CT and peri-CEN.</p