Når børn og unge pålægges sagsomkostninger i straffesager

AbstractIn Denmark, juveniles (aged 15-17) – like adults – are required to repay the Treasury for necessary expenses incurred in the processing of their criminal cases. However, data from the Danish National Police and the Danish Debt Collection Agency indicate that juveniles often lack the means to repay these debts and are therefore indebted as they enter adulthood. This article examines the psychological impact of debt on juveniles deprived of their liberty and the impact debt has on their ability to establish a ‘normal’ adult life. Linking the concept of ‘emerging adulthood’ to the literature on ‘debt as a risk factor’ provides a theoretical basis for the analysis and for the discussion of human rights. The article argues that neglecting the distinctive vulnerabilities of juveniles in the assessment of legal costs may obstruct their rehabilitation and violate their human rights

Børns møde med det danske straffesystem: – på vej mod mere ‘voksen-straf’?

AbstractOne of the shared features of the Nordic countries’ approach towards children in conflict with the law is that there is no distinct criminal justice system for children. Children in conflict with the law are treated within the same system as adults, albeit with specific regulations and sanctions designed specifically for them. The fact that children are handled within the same system as adults raises the question of whether and how the ‘punitive turn, Nordic style’, which, according to criminological scholars, emerged during the 1990s, has influenced the treatment and punishment of children within the criminal justice system. This question is particularly relevant as children are protected by specific human rights provisions, most notably the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Based on a descriptive statistical data analysis, this article explores whether a change in the use of sanctions towards children in the Danish criminal justice system can be observed in the period from 1980 to 2020. The findings are related to a discussion about children’s entitlement to special protection under the CRC

Is the Prognosis of Osgood-Schlatter Poorer Than Anticipated?:A Prospective Cohort Study With 24-Month Follow-up

BACKGROUND: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD), an apophyseal injury of the tibial tuberosity, affects up to 1 in 10 adolescents. This condition has previously been assumed to be innocuous and to self-resolve with limited intervention. PURPOSE: To investigate the 24-month prognosis of OSD and examine if ultrasound (US) classification is associated with outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: This study included a preregistered prospective cohort of 51 adolescents (aged 10-14 years) diagnosed with OSD who were evaluated for 24 months. The primary outcome at 24-month follow-up was whether participants continued to experience OSD-related knee pain. Baseline US scans were collected and characterized by OSD type (De Flaviis classification) as well as maturation of the tibial tuberosity. Secondary outcomes included sports participation, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Sport/Recreation subscale, and health-related quality of life (European Quality of Life–5 Dimensions–Youth [EQ-5D-Y]). All participants were invited for re-examination by US at follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients preregistered for the study, with 90% (n = 46) available at follow-up. Of these 46 participants, 37% (n = 17) still reported knee pain due to OSD. In this subgroup, the median duration since symptom onset was 42 months (interquartile range, 38-51 months). More than 1 in 5 participants reported stopping sport due to knee pain, and those who continued to experience knee pain reported significantly worse KOOS Sport/Recreation scores at follow-up compared with patients with no knee pain (mean 74 [95% CI, 63-84] vs 91 [95% CI, 85-97]). Participants with continued OSD-related pain also had lower health-related quality of life (mean difference in EQ-5D-Y, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.06-0.13]). Higher De Flaviis classification at baseline was significantly associated with an increased risk of knee pain at 2 years. Diagnostic US at follow-up demonstrated primarily tendon changes (thickening, positive Doppler signal), as well as an ununited ossicle in 32% of participants who underwent US scanning at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Over one-third of the study participants had knee pain at 2-year follow-up, which was associated with lower sports related function and health related quality of life. This questions the assumption that all patients with OSD experience quick recovery. Participants without any changes on imaging at baseline were less likely to report pain at follow-up

Non-invasive detection of animal nerve impulses with an atomic magnetometer operating near quantum limited sensitivity

Magnetic fields generated by human and animal organs, such as the heart, brain and nervous system carry information useful for biological and medical purposes. These magnetic fields are most commonly detected using cryogenically-cooled superconducting magnetometers. Here we present the frst detection of action potentials from an animal nerve using an optical atomic magnetometer. Using an optimal design we are able to achieve the sensitivity dominated by the quantum shot noise of light and quantum projection noise of atomic spins. Such sensitivity allows us to measure the nerve impulse with a miniature room-temperature sensor which is a critical advantage for biomedical applications. Positioning the sensor at a distance of a few millimeters from the nerve, corresponding to the distance between the skin and nerves in biological studies, we detect the magnetic field generated by an action potential of a frog sciatic nerve. From the magnetic field measurements we determine the activity of the nerve and the temporal shape of the nerve impulse. This work opens new ways towards implementing optical magnetometers as practical devices for medical diagnostics.Comment: Main text with figures, and methods and supplementary informatio