BOLD activation by condition in right inferior occipital gyrus.

<p>Beta values for the peak voxel in right inferior occipital gyrus (x = 34, y = −78, z = −12) for the conditions 1^st presentation, 2^nd presentation and other presentations of the emotional faces. The figure illustrates that the right inferior occipital gyrus BOLD fMRI response was significantly reduced in the 2^nd compared to the 1^st presentation. However, the BOLD response during the 2^nd presentation was significantly greater than the mean response from the remaining presentations of the faces.</p

Correlation between state anxiety scores and individual amygdala activation.

<p>Negative correlation between the individual state anxiety scores and the activity in right amygdala. Subjects with a high score on state anxiety had less amygdala signal change between the 1^st time and the 2^nd time presentation of the emotional faces. (A) Statistical parametric map (SPM) showing the right amygdala cluster. The image is thresholded at p<0.005, 25 voxels extent threshold, for illustrative reasons. The colors refer to t-values as coded in the bar to the right of the image (B) Scatter-plot demonstrating the negative correlation.</p

BOLD fMRI responses in amygdala and visual cortex for the contrast “1^st presentation” > “2^nd presentation”.

<p>Data are small volume corrected using anatomically defined bilateral amygdala, inferior occipital gyrus and fusiform gyrus (WFU Pickatlas <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096146#pone.0096146-Maldjian1" target="_blank">[41]</a>).</p

Psychophysiological interaction analysis.

<p>The results of the psychophysiological interaction analysis. (A) Statistical parametric map (SPM) showing regions in the visual cortex that showed condition-specific BOLD signal changes with right amygdala activity. The image is thresholded at p<0.005, 25 voxels extent threshold, for illustrative reasons. The colors refer to t-values as coded in the bar to the right of the image (B) Scatter plot with regression lines demonstrating the pattern of functional connectivity. The x-axis represents activity in the right amygdala (beta values) peak voxel and the y-axis represents activity in the right inferior occipital gyrus peak voxel (beta values).</p

Amygdala and visual cortex BOLD activation to stimulus novelty.

<p>BOLD fMRI responses in the amygdala and visual cortex obtained for the contrast ”1^st presentation” >”2^nd presentation”. (A) Statistical parametric maps (SPM) demonstrating the responses in visual cortex for the given contrast. The image is thresholded at p = 0.005, k = 25 voxels for illustrative reasons. The colors refer to t-values as coded in the bar to the left of the image (B) Statistical parametric maps (SPM) demonstrating the responses in amygdala for the same contrast. The image is thresholded at p = 0.005, k = 25 voxels for illustrative reasons. (C) Beta values for the peak voxel in right amygdala (x = 24, y = −6, z = −14) and right inferior occipital gyrus (x = 34, y = −78, z = −12) for the conditions 1^st presentation and 2^nd presentation of the emotional faces.</p

Accuracy and response time by conditions in the emotional faces task.

<p>Accuracy and response time by conditions in the emotional faces task.</p

fMRI BOLD activation for the contrast Cue for aversive stimulus > Cue for neutral stimulus.

<p>Statistical parametric maps (SPM) showing significant activations in the ventral striatum (A), the amygdala (C) and the insula (E). Colors indicate t-values of activated voxels and are coded in the bars on the right. Peak voxel beta values are shown for the two conditions in the ventral striatum (B), the amygdala (D) and the insular cortex (F). Family wise error corrected within bilateral ROIs at threshold <i>p</i> < 0.05, and Bonferroni corrected to control for tests of multiple ROIs.</p

Extracellular flux densities of ions and net charge.

<p>Time-averaged extracellular flux densities in the cases without (<b>A</b>) and with (<b>B</b>) extracellular diffusion. In the latter case, the total flux density <b>(B3)</b> was subdivided into the field-driven <b>(B1)</b> and the diffusive <b>(B2)</b> component. When the curves are to the right/left of the dashed vertical lines, they represent fluxes in the positive/negative <i>z</i>-direction, respectively. The flux densities were computed as the temporal mean over time intervals indicated in the legend. The scale bar was the same for all flux densities, including the electrical current density (rightmost column), which was given in units of the unit charge: <i>i</i>/<i>F</i> = <i>j</i>^<i>K</i>+ + <i>j</i>^<i>Na</i>+ + 2<i>j</i>^<i>Ca</i>2+ − <i>j</i>^<i>X</i>−.</p

Extracellular dynamics without neuronal current sources.

<p>ECS dynamics in time interval between <i>t</i> = 42 s and <i>t</i> = 84 s after turned off (at <i>t</i> = 42 s). (<b>A2</b>-<b>A5</b>) Profiles of ECS ion concentrations at selected time points. The ion-concentration gradients alone gave rise to an electrical (diffusion generated) potential in the ECS. (<b>B2</b>) ECS profiles of the diffusion potential <i>V</i>. The depicted potential corresponds to the temporal averaged <i>V</i> taken over 8.4 second intervals indicated in the legend. (<b>B3</b>-<b>B4</b>) Power spectral density (PSDs) of the potential (<i>V</i>) in the soma subvolume (<i>n</i> = 3) due to ECS diffusion (black line) under two consecutive 21-second time intervals. For comparison, the PDSs of the original simulations (i.e, when neuronal sources were not turned off) were also plotted (red and blue lines). The legend in (A2) applies to all concentration profiles (A2–A5). The legend in (B3) applies to all PDSs (B3–B4). Units for frequency and power are Hz and mV²/Hz, respectively.</p

Results of the psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis.

<p>(A) Statistical parametric map (SPM) showing the OFC voxel cluster that showed differences in interaction strength between the two conditions aversive and neutral. Colors indicate t-values of activated voxels and are coded in the bar on the right. Family wise error corrected within ROI at threshold <i>p</i> < 0.05 (B) The interaction found between the ventral striatum (VS) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is plotted with regression lines. The solid line represents aversive condition and the dashed line represents neutral condition. Beta values of the VS are indicated on the x-axis and beta values of the OFC are indicated on the y axis.</p