Targeted therapies for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and bowel pattern abnormalities, which compromise patients’ daily functioning. Common therapies address one or two IBS symptoms, while others offer wider symptom control, presumably by targeting pathophysiologic mechanisms of IBS. The aim of this targeted literature review was to capture clinical trial reports of agents receiving the highest recommendation (Grade 1) for treatment of IBS from the 2009 American College of Gastroenterology IBS Task Force, with an emphasis on diarrhea-predominant IBS. Literature searches in PubMed captured articles detailing randomized placebo-controlled trials in IBS/diarrhea-predominant IBS for agents receiving Grade I (strong) 2009 American College of Gastroenterology IBS Task Force recommendations: tricyclic antidepressants, nonabsorbable antibiotics, and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist alosetron. Studies specific for constipation-predominant IBS were excluded. Tricyclic antidepressants appear to improve global IBS symptoms but have variable effects on abdominal pain and uncertain tolerability; effects on stool consistency, frequency, and urgency were not adequately assessed. Nonabsorbable antibiotics show positive effects on global symptoms, abdominal pain, bloating, and stool consistency but may be most efficacious in patients with altered intestinal microbiota. Alosetron improves global symptoms and abdominal pain and normalizes bowel irregularities, including stool frequency, consistency, and fecal urgency. Both the nonabsorbable antibiotic rifaximin and the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist alosetron improve quality of life. Targeted therapies provide more complete relief of IBS symptoms than conventional agents. Familiarization with the quantity and quality of evidence of effectiveness can facilitate more individualized treatment plans for patients with this heterogeneous disorder

Incidence of Ischemic Colitis and Serious Complications of Constipation Among Patients Using Alosetron: Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Post-Marketing Surveillance Data

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75196/1/j.1572-0241.2006.00459.x.pd

Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75594/1/j.1365-2982.2006.00760.x.pd

Headwater Streams and Wetlands are Critical for Sustaining Fish, Fisheries, and Ecosystem Services

Headwater streams and wetlands are integral components of watersheds that are critical for biodiversity, fisheries, ecosystem functions, natural resource-based economies, and human society and culture. These and other ecosystem services provided by intact and clean headwater streams and wetlands are critical for a sustainable future. Loss of legal protections for these vulnerable ecosystems would create a cascade of consequences, including reduced water quality, impaired ecosystem functioning, and loss of fish habitat for commercial and recreational fish species. Many fish species currently listed as threatened or endangered would face increased risks, and other taxa would become more vulnerable. In most regions of the USA, increased pollution and other impacts to headwaters would have negative economic consequences. Headwaters and the fishes they sustain have major cultural importance for many segments of U.S. society. Native peoples, in particular, have intimate relationships with fish and the streams that support them. Headwaters ecosystems and the natural, socio-cultural, and economic services they provide are already severely threatened, and would face even more loss under the Waters of the United States (WOTUS) rule recently proposed by the Trump administration

Latin-American consensus on chronic constipation

El Consenso Latinoamericano de Estreñimiento Crónico se realizó con el objeto de proveer guías para mejorar la identificación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este trastorno en la región. Dos coordinadores, y uno honorario, establecieron las líneas de consenso, basado en una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica de los últimos 10 años a partir de 1995. Participaron 17 miembros con el aval de sus respectivas sociedades locales de gastroenterología. Éstos revisaron y presentaron los temas con sus niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación para discutirlos en una reunión plenaria. Tras un informe final de los miembros, los coordinadores prepararon las declaraciones finales para someterlas a votación en octubre de 2006. El consenso concluyó que el estreñimiento crónico tiene una prevalencia estimada del 5-21% en la región, con una relación mujer: varón de 3:1. El 75% de los sujetos que lo presenta utiliza algún tipo de medicamentos y más del 50% usa medicamentos caseros. Se recomendó un diagnóstico basado en los Criterios de Roma y los estudios diagnósticos sólo en pacientes mayores de 50 años o con algún signo de alarma. El uso de enema de colon se recomendó como investigación inicial en países con elevada frecuencia de megacolon idiopático y/o enfermedad de Chagas. En cuanto al tratamiento, se recomendó incrementar la fibra en la dieta a 25-30 g/día (grado C) y no se encontraron evidencias para ciertas medidas, como el ejercicio, el aumento de la ingesta de agua o las visitas programadas al excusado. El Psyllium recibió recomendación grado B y tratamientos farmacológicos, como tegaserod y polietilenglicol grado A. No se encontraron suficientes evidencias para recomendar la administración de lactulosa, pero no se desaprobó su uso cuando fuera necesario. Los estudios complementarios, como el tránsito colónico seguido de manometría anorrectal y defecografía, sólo se recomendaron para descartar la inercia colónica y/o la obstrucción funcional en pacientes que no respondieran al tratamiento. La biorretroalimentación se recomendó (grado B) en la disinergia del suelo pélvico.Q459-74The Latin-American Consensus on Chronic Constipation aimed to establish guidelines to improve the identification, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder in the region. Two coordinators and an honorary coordinator established the process and the topics to be discussed, based on a systematic review of the literature published in the previous 10 years, since 1995. Seventeen members participated with the support of their local gastroenterology societies. The members reviewed the different subjects based on the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation; the topics were then discussed in a plenary session. A written report was drafted and the coordinators prepared the final declarations to be submitted to a vote by all the members in October 2006. The consensus concluded that chronic constipation has an estimated prevalence of 5-21% in the region, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. Among individuals with constipation, 75% use some type of medication, with more than 50% using home remedies. A diagnosis based on Rome Criteria was recommended and diagnostic testing only in persons older than 50 years or with alarm symptoms. The use of barium enema as an initial investigation was recommended only in countries with a high prevalence of idiopathic megacolon or Chagas’ disease. Recommendations on treatment included an increase in dietary fiber of up to 25-30 g/day (grade C). No evidence was found to recommend measures such as exercise, increased water intake, or frequent visits to the toilet. Fiber supplements such as Psyllium received a grade B and pharmacological treatments such as tegaserod and polyethylene glycol, both grade A. There was insufficient evidence to recommend lactulose, but the consensus did not disadvise its use when necessary. Complementary investigations such as colonic transit followed by anorectal manometry and defecography were only recommended to rule out colonic inertia and/or obstructive defecation in patients not responding to treatment. Biofeedback was recommended (grade B) for those with pelvic dyssynergi