Egg laying capacity (± SD) of snails exposed to CurNisNp.

<p>Egg laying capacity (± SD) of snails exposed to CurNisNp.</p

Percentage hatchability (± SD) of <i>B</i>. <i>pfeifferi</i> eggs exposed to CurNisNp at the pre-hatched stage.

<p>Percentage hatchability (± SD) of <i>B</i>. <i>pfeifferi</i> eggs exposed to CurNisNp at the pre-hatched stage.</p

Photomicrographs showing dead/deformed and normal <i>B</i>. <i>pfeifferi</i> embryos.

<p>Photomicrographs showing dead/deformed and normal <i>B</i>. <i>pfeifferi</i> embryos.</p

Percentage mortality (± SD) of freshwater snails at different developmental stages.

<p>Percentage mortality (± SD) of freshwater snails at different developmental stages.</p

<i>In vitro</i> release of Cur-Nis in formulated nanoparticle.

<p><i>In vitro</i> release of Cur-Nis in formulated nanoparticle.</p

Probit analysis of lethal concentrations of CurNisNp against <i>B</i>. <i>pfeifferi</i> at different stages exposed.

<p>Probit analysis of lethal concentrations of CurNisNp against <i>B</i>. <i>pfeifferi</i> at different stages exposed.</p

Longitudinal invasion inhibitory activity profiles of representative individuals.

<p>Individuals exhibited diverse invasion inhibitory activity against the 3D7 WT relative to the EBA knockout parasites overtime. Individual AD23 inhibited the EBA knockout parasites more than the parental parasite; individual AD50 inhibited the parental parasite more than the EBA knockout parasite lines.</p

Relationship between invasion inhibitory antibodies to invasion pathway ligands parasitaemia and age.

<p>(A) Effects of antibodies directed against SA-dependent or SA-independent pathways on the mean parasitaemia. “<b>A</b>”, “<b>B</b>” represent individuals with only antibody responses to SA-dependent or SA-independent pathway invasion ligands, respectively. “<b>A and B”</b> represents individuals that presented a response to both pathways. (B) Effect of age on the acquisition of antibody responses to the two invasion pathways.</p

Comparison of EBA175 and PfRh2 antibody levels between individuals that switched between invasion inhibition patterns and those with unchanging invasion patterns.

<p>Bars represent the mean antibody levels and SEM. ‘‘Switchers” represents individuals that had fluctuating invasion inhibitory patterns while ‘‘Non-switchers” represents those that had stable invasion inhibitory pattern.</p

Kaplan- Meier survival curves showing the proportion of individuals with antibody levels of >50% of the day 0 antibody level for all antigens among the different age groups and among individuals with different levels of exposure to <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i>.

<p>Kaplan- Meier survival curves showing the proportion of individuals with antibody levels of >50% of the day 0 antibody level for all antigens among the different age groups and among individuals with different levels of exposure to <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i>.</p