Dietary diversity and nutrient intake adequacy among women in Iwo Local Government Area, Osun State Nigeria

Dietary diversity has been considered a potential 'proxy' indicator to reflect nutrient intake adequacy. The study assessed the Dietary Diversity and Nutrient Intake Adequacy among adult women in Iwo Local Government (LGA) area of Osun State. Apparently healthy 250 adult women (20-59) were the respondents in the study. The anthropometric measurements of the respondents were taken using standard equipment. A 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was used to assess the food intake of the respondents, which was converted into nutrient intake using adapted Total Dietary Assessment (TDA) software. Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was created using a 15-food group model. Nutrient intake was evaluated using Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR). Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated as an indicator of nutrient intake adequacy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for analysis of the data collected. More than half (56.4%) of the respondents had normal body weight, 15.2% were underweight, 21.2% were overweight and 7.2% were obese. The diet of the respondents consisted of food items mainly from food groups such as cereals, white roots and tubers, vitamin A-rich vegetables, spices, condiments and beverages. Fruits and foods from milk and milk products were the least consumed. The mean DDS was 8.29±1.3, 4.4% of the respondents had high DDS, 94.4% had minimum DDS and 1.2% had low DDS. The MAR was 2.56±0.69, the intake of some nutrients such as carbohydrate, fat, iron, zinc and protein was above the recommended dietary intake and there was inadequate intake for some nutrients such as calcium, vitamin C and potassium among the respondents. Consumption of foods from groups such as meat and meat products, eggs and poultry and fish were found to be significantly related with nutrient intake adequacy as respondents with adequate intake of nutrients consumed more from these food groups. These results indicate that dietary diversity is an indicator of nutrient intake adequacy. Most of the respondents consumed foods from cereals, white roots and tubers, vegetables, legumes, oil and fats, spices and condiments than from other food groups.Keywords: Dietary-diversity, Nutrient, Women, Food-groups, Overweight, Micronutrient, Adequacy, Nigeri

Street food consumption score and nutritional status of staff of federal university of agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun state

Background: Street food consumption contributes enormously to dietary diversity and nutrient intake of consumers. Despite its nutritional benefits, street food consumption may predispose consumers to several adverse health outcomes. Objective: This study assessed street food consumption score and nutritional status of staff of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of 350 staff of FUNAAB was conducted using a multi-stage sampling. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the socio-economic status of respondents. Food consumption score (FCS) and pattern were assessed using a FCS nutritional quality analysis and food frequency questionnaire respectively. Height and weight of the respondents were measured using heightometer and bathroom scale, respectively and the values used to calculate their body mass index (BMI). Blood pressure (BP) and blood sugar (BS) levels were determined using a mercury sphygmomanometer and glucometer, respectively. Data were analysed for descriptive and inferential statistics using statistical package for social science, version 20. Results: Half (50.3%) of the respondents were females and consumed street foods more than three times a week. Most (70.3%) of the respondents had poor FCS. About two-third (37.6%) of the respondents were overweight. More than half (66.2% and 54.9%) had pre-hypertension and pre-diabetes, respectively. FCS significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the BMI of respondents (p = 0.03). However, there is no significant association between FCS, BS level (p = 0.05), and BP of the respondents (p = 0.14) Conclusion: Street food consumption score influenced the BMI of the respondents. The prevalence of prehypertension and pre-diabetes were high among the respondents Keywords: Street food, consumption score, nutritional status, university staf

Modifiable risk factors for overweight and obesity among traders in Abeokuta South local government area, Ogun State

The market place as an occupational environment can predispose to obesity, mainly due to sedentary nature and enhanced access to food. This study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among traders in Abeokuta South Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional research design involving 210 (60.3%) males and 140 (39.7%) females randomly selected from three markets (Panseke, Kuto and Asero markets) was conducted using a systematic random sampling method. A validated semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess their personal and socio-economic characteristics, alcohol consumption, smoking habits and physical activity levels. Nutrient intake was assessed using a validated 24hr Dietary Recall questionnaire. Body Mass Index (BMI) was derived from height and weight measurements; Waist and hip circumference was taken to assess abdominal obesity. The nutrient intake was analyzed using the adapted Total Diet Allowance (TDA) for windows. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. Based on BMI, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 24% and 3.7% respectively. About 39.4% of the respondents had abdominal obesity. The prevalence of general obesity was significantly higher among females than males (p=0.000). Over one-third (41.4%) of the respondent have low physical activity level. About 14.9% of the respondents smoke cigarrete and more than one-third (35.1%) consume alcohol. More than half (58.6%) of the males and 89.7% of the females had excess calorie intake in the past 24 hours. A significant association was observed between BMI and smoking pattern but there was no significant association between BMI, physical activity and alcohol consumption pattern. Carbohydrate, protein and fat were consumed above the recommended dietary allowance, while respondents had inadequate intake of micro-nutrients, as well as fiber. Obesity is of public health concern, therefore, sensitization focused on lifestyle modification and proper dietary choices should be considered.Keywords: Traders, alcohol consumption, physical activity, obesity, dietary habitsAfr. J. Biomed. Res. Vol. 22 (May, 2019); 127- 13

Comparison of heavy metal content of selected vegetables grown with organic and inorganic fertilizers

Background: Leafy vegetables are good sources of micronutrients but are also bio-accumulators of heavy metals. Objective: The study compared the heavy metal content of selected vegetables grown with organic and inorganic fertilizer in Odeda Local Government Area (LGA), Ogun State, Nigeria.Methods: Celosia argentea, Telfairia occidentalis and Corchorus olitorius leaves were collected from four randomly selected farmlands. Soup recipes from a recipe book were standardized and used to prepare soups the samples. The vegetables and soups were analyzed in duplicate for lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: Arsenic, Pb and Cd were not detected in both Telfairia occidentalis and Corchorus olitorius samples, Similarly, As, Pb, Cr were not detected in the Celosia argentea and its soup. The Ni and Zn in the Corchorus olitorius samples ranged from 0.03mg - 0.6mg/100g and 0.22mg - 0.44mg/100g, respectively. There was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the organic and inorganic and between the raw and cooked samples. The Ni in Telfairia occidental, ranged from 0.04mg - 0.06mg/100g, zinc from 0.34mg - 0.47mg/100g in both raw and soup samples. In Celosia argentea, Cd ranged from 0.09mg - 0.65mg/100g and was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the organic and inorganic and between the raw and the cooked samples. Heavy metal in the samples did not exceed FAO/WHO limit for vegetables.Conclusion: The heavy metal content of the organically grown vegetables was not significantly different from the inorganically grown.Keywords: heavy metals; vegetables; organic, inorganic and fertilizer

Standardization, Proximate Composition, Mineral Contents and Mineral Ratios of Selected Indigenous Soups in South-West, Nigeria

This study standardized and determined the proximate composition, mineral contents and mineral ratios of selected standardized indigenous soups commonly consumed in South-Western, Nigeria. Data on recipes of fifteen selected soups were obtained from 750 housewives living in major cities of Lagos, Ogun and Oyo States in South-West Nigeria, using semi-structured questionnaire. Recipe was standardized and used to prepare the soups. Soup samples were analysed for the proximate and mineral composition using standard methods. The mineral ratios of the soups were calculated. The moisture, ash, crude fibre, fat, protein and carbohydrate contents of the soups ranged from 48.67/100g to 74.83g/100g, 3.44g/100g to 7.99g/100g, 4.10g/100g to 8.65g/100g, 3.00 g/100g to 25.00g/100g, 4.22 g/100g to 6.82 g/100g and 2.52g/100g to 30.41g/100g, respectively. The calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, iron and zinc contents ranged from 4.22mg/100g to 466.84mg/100g, 400.00mg/100g to 92.47mg/100g, 88.65 mg/100g to 90.21mg/100g, 42.21mg/100g to 222.01mg/100g, 1.08 mg/100g to 9.40 mg/100g and 0.31 mg/100g to 4.30 mg/100g, respectively. All the soups had high sodium to potassium ratio and calcium to phosphorus ratio but low iron to zinc ratio in relation to the standards. Cotton seed soup and igbo soups had higher protein content while black soup and efinrin soup had higher fat content than other soups. All the soups are good sources of minerals. However, cocoyam leaf soup and cassava leaf soup had low iron content compared to other soups. Keywords: Indigenous soups, macronutrient contents, mineral contents and mineral ratios