Prognostic value of B-cell maturation antigen, CD56 expression and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in patients with multiple myeloma

Introduction: B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) plays a critical role in regulating B-cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells. CD56 is involved in the adhesion of myeloma cells to the bone marrow matrix. Thus, lack of CD56 expression is associated with a higher incidence of extramedullary disease. An elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been recognized as a poor prognostic factor in various hematological malignancies.The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of BCMA, CD56 and NLR as novel prognostic markers in multiple myeloma (MM).Material and methods: The study included 80 subjects, 40 MM patients, and 40 normal healthy age- and sex-matched controls. BCMA was analyzed by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Flow cytometry was used for the determination of CD56 expression. NLR was calculated from the complete blood count differential count. All patients received six cycles of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VCD). Treatment outcome was assessed and progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.Results: Patients who achieved complete remission showed lower BCMA levels, positive CD56 expression, and lower NLR. Moreover, higher BCMA levels and CD56 negative expression were significantly associated with shorter PFS.Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the importance of BCMA, CD56 and   NLR to predict the clinical outcome in MM patients. This could help in better risk stratification and tailored clinical management of MM patients

Production of Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil via KM Micromixer

The production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oils through its pretreatment followed by transesterification process in presence of methanol was investigated using a KM micromixer reactor. The parameters affecting biodiesel production process such as alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent, and the volumetric flow rates of inlet fluids were optimized. The properties of the produced biodiesel were compared with its parent waste oil through different characterization techniques. The presence of methyl ester groups at the produced biodiesel was confirmed using both the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the thermal analysis of the produced biodiesel and the comparable waste oil indicated that the product after the transesterification process began to vaporize at 120°C which makes it lighter than its parent oil which started to vaporize at around 300°C. The maximum biodiesel production yield of 97% was recorded using 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio in presence of both 1% NaOH and THF/methanol volume ratio 0.3 at 60 mL/h flow rate