Algunas consideraciones sobre la úlcera simple del estómago

El verso de las h. en blanco. Tesis de doctorado leída en la Universidad Central el 15 de noviembre de 1909.Universidad Central (Madrid)TRUEProQuestpu

Evolution of the metal load in a reach of the Odiel River affected by acid mine drainage (Huelva province)

This work quantifies the impact of the first acid mine discharges to the Odiel River and studies the variation of the dissolved and particulate pollutant load. The acid mine discharges cause the progressive deterioration of the river water quality, resulting in processes that favor the precipitation of the non-conservative elements (Fe, Al, As or Pb), while the more soluble ones (Mn, Co or Ni) remain in solution. Cu and Zn have an intermediate behavior due to be affected by sorption/coprecipitation processes. The dissolved pollutant load at the end of the reach is around 5000 kg/day of Al, 1900 kg/day of Fe, 860 kg/day of Zn, 643 kg/day of Mn, 385 kg/day of Cu and lower amounts of other metals. The total metal load may be up to 21 times the dissolve load in the case of Fe and among 3-4 times for As and PbEste trabajo cuantifica la repercusión de los primeros vertidos de mina en un tramo del Río Odiel y se estudian las variaciones de la carga metálica disuelta y particulada. La confluencia de las sucesivas descargas ácidas de mina provoca el empeoramiento progresivo de la calidad del agua, dando lugar a procesos que favorecen la precipitación de elementos no conservativos (Fe, Al, As o Pb) mientras que los elementos más móviles (Mn, Co o Ni) permanecen en disolución. Cu y Zn poseen un comportamiento intermedio debido a que están afectados por procesos de adsorción/coprecipitación. La carga disuelta transportada al final del tramo es aproximadamente 5000 kg/día de Al, 1900 kg/día de Fe, 860 kg/día de Zn, 643 kg/día de Mn, 385 kg/día de Cu y cantidades inferiores de otros metales. La carga metálica total es hasta 21 veces superior a la disuelta en el caso del Fe y entre 3-4 veces superior para As y P

Temporal evolution of acid mine drainage (AMD) leachates from the abandoned tharsis mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain)

Acid mine drainage (AMD) due to the mining of sulfide deposits is one of the most important causes of water pollution worldwide. Remediation measures, especially in historical abandoned mines, require a deep knowledge of the geochemical characteristics of AMD effluents and metal fluxes, considering their high spatial and temporal evolution, and the existence of point and diffuse sources with a different response to rainfall events. This study investigates the temporal variations and hydrogeochemical processes affecting the composition of main AMD sources from the Tharsis mines (SW Spain), one of most important historical metal mining districts in the world. To address this, a fortnightly-monthly sampling was performed during two years in the main AMD sources and streams within the mine site covering different hydrological conditions. A seasonal pattern was observed linked to hydrological variations; higher pollutant concentrations were observed during the dry season (maximum values of 4,6 g/L of Al, 11,8 g/L of Fe, and 67 g/L of sulfate) and lower ones were observed during the rainy periods. Stream samples exhibited a negative correlation between electrical conductivity (EC) and flow, while positive values were observed in AMD sources, where groundwater fluxes were predominant. High flow also seems to be the main driver of Pb fluxes from AMD sources, as the concentration of Pb in waters increased notably during these events. The precipitation of secondary Fe minerals may limit the mobility of As and V, being retained in the proximity of mine sites. The concentration of Zn in waters seems to be controlled by the original grade in the metal deposit from which the waste is generated, together with the age of these wastes. The pollutant load delivered by the Tharsis mines to the surrounding water courses is very high; e.g., mean of 733 ton/yr of Al or 2757 ton/yr of Fe, deteriorating the streams and reservoirs downstream.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economic and Competitiveness through the projects CGL2016-78783-C2-1-R (SCYRE) and by H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT RawMaterials) through the projects Modular recovery process services for hydrometallurgy and water treatment (MORECOVERY). C.R Canovas thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Postdoctoral Fellowship granted under application reference RYC2019- 027949-I. F. Macias was funded by the R&D FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020 call through the project RENOVAME (FEDER; UHU-1255729). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Huelva/CBU

About the use of the U.S. Salinity Laboratory (USLS) classification of irrigation water

One of most used methods in our country to determinate the soil salinisation and sodification risk from the irrigation water composition is the U.S. Salinity Laboratory (USLS) classification, which used the electrical conductivity and the SAR (Sodium Adsorption Rate) of the irrigation water. However, it is well known that this method presents serious defects, because of it should be substitute by other more adecuated classifications, as the developped by the FA

Characterization of main AMD inputs to the Odiel River upper reach (SW Spain)

The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is rich in sulfide deposits which have been intensively exploited, generating a huge problem of contamination of the Odiel River by acid mine drainage (AMD). At its source is a clean river, but along a 7 km-long reach receives five discharges of acid mine waters: Concepción, San Platón, Esperanza, Poderosa and the Agrio River, which drains the AMD contaminated water from the Río Tinto mines. The flows and hydrogeochemical characteristics of these AMD sources have been studied. The Agrio River is the main contributor of acidity, sulfate and metals to the Odiel River due to its high flows and pollutant concentrations. San Platón and Poderosa mines have high sulfate and metal concentrations although both sources are characterized by low or moderate flows while Concepción has the lowest concentrations but higher flows. The composition of AMD sources seem to be controlled by the mineralogy of the deposits and by geochemical processes. Strong seasonal variations are observed for some AMD sources while others are more constant throughout the year.This work was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the project EMPATIA (Ref. CGL2013-48460-C2-1-R) and the grant BES-2014-068354

EFECTO DEL MANEJO PREVIO AL SACRIFICIO SOBRE LA CALIDAD DE LA CARNE DE GANADO BOVINO DE LIDIA

Lidia cattle are produced mainly in an extensive regime, which provides their meat with a sustainable added value and is characterized by a low amount of fat. It is a breed that is difficult to handle and behaves with a tendency to suffer stress, which gives its meat characteristics between normal and dark, hard and dry: DFD. In the present work, a study has been carried out on the quality of the meat of different breeds, with the objective of assessing the influence that the factors have on the quality of the meat: breed, age, sex and handling of the cattle in the facilities of a slaughterhouse. Information has been collected on 154 bovine animals, 79 of the Lidia breed and 75 individuals belonging to tame breeds. The pH of the carcass has been measured after sacrifice and after 24 hours of maturation and lesions of different origin on the skin and musculature have been searched for, quantifying and classifying them. Differences have been observed in the parameters studied that show how the Lidia breed differs from the rest in aspects related to its aggressive behavior that makes it difficult to handle it in the slaughterhouse facilities, registering almost all the lesions in the carcass due to trauma, mainly in individuals older than 3 years. However, there are no differences between breeds for the pH recorded in the two moments after slaughter, although there is a lower pH after slaughter in females of tame breeds compared to males. Finally, age could influence the pH of the meat, describing a higher pH at 10 hours of maturation in individuals over 5 years of age.El ganado de Lidia se produce mayoritariamente en régimen extensivo lo que confiere a su carne de un valor añadido sostenible y se caracteriza por una baja cantidad grasa. Se trata de una raza de difícil manejo y comportamiento con tendencia a sufrir estrés lo que dota a su carne de características entre las normales y las oscuras, duras y secas: DFD. En el presente trabajo se ha realizado un estudio sobre la calidad de la carne de diferentes razas, con el objetivo de valorar la influencia que tienen sobre la calidad de la carne los factores: raza, edad, sexo y manejo del ganado en las instalaciones de un matadero. Se ha recopilado información de 154 animales bovinos, 79 de la raza de Lidia y de 75 individuos pertenecientes a razas mansas. Se ha medido el pH de la canal tras del sacrificio y después de 24 horas de maduración y se han buscado lesiones de diferente origen sobre la piel y la musculatura, cuantificándolas y clasificándolas. Se han observado diferencias en los parámetros estudiados que muestran como la raza de Lidia se distingue del resto en los aspectos relacionados con su comportamiento agresivo que dificulta su manejo en las instalaciones del matadero, registrando casi la totalidad de las lesiones en la canal por traumatismos, fundamentalmente en los individuos mayores de 3 años. Sin embargo, no existen diferencias entre razas para el pH registrado en los dos momentos post- sacrificio, si bien existe un menor pH posterior al sacrificio de las hembras de razas mansas frente a los machos. Por último, la edad podría influir en el pH de la carne, describiendo un mayor pH a las 10h de maduración en los individuos de más de 5 años

Metal(loid) release from sulfide-rich wastes to the environment: The case of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain)

Sulfide-mining wastes may lead to severe environmental and human health risks, especially challenging in abandoned mines without environmental regulation. This work is aimed at discussing the environmental problems associated with this type of wastes, the risks posed by metal(loid) exposure to living organisms, as well as the measures available to mitigate such risks, taking the case of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Iberian Peninsula), as an example, worldwide. The release of metal(loid)s from these wastes upon weathering is strongly controlled by mineral assemblage, processing technique, grain size distribution, and occurrence of highly reactive secondary minerals. Exposure to these wastes may pose a severe risk for humans and animals, and thus, remediation measures must be adopted in abandoned mines. Among these measures, recovery of valuable metals from sulfide wastes could be a promising environmentally friendly solution; however, grade and mineralogical siting of valuable metals, as well as selective recovery methods, must be site-by-site investigated.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the research projects SCYRE (CGL2016-78783- C2-1-R) and CAPOTE (CGL2017-86050-R). C.R Ca ́novas and M.D. Basallote thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Postdoctoral Fellowships granted under application references RYC2019- 027949-I and IJC2018-035056-I, respectively. F. Macı ́as was funded by the R&D FEDER Andalucı ́a 2014e2020 call through the project RENOVAME (FEDER; UHU-1255729). The authors would like to thank to the Guest Editor Dr. Georgios Bartzas and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments that notably improved the quality of the original manuscript.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Huelva / CBU

Thallium in environmental compartments affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB): From rocks to the ocean

This works investigates the origin, behavior and fate of Tl in acid mine drainage (AMD) affected areas at catchment scale, following the path from rocks to the ocean. To address this issue, comprehensive data set of Tl in rocks, waters, secondary minerals, plants and other environmental compartments is presented, using the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain) as representative example. The content of Tl in host rocks (mean of 0.51 mg/kg) exhibits moderate positive correlations with elements such as K and Rb, whereas no correlations were observed in sulfides (27 mg/kg) between Tl, Fe and other metal/loids commonly found in these minerals, such as As, Pb, Cd, Cu or Zn. During sulfide oxidation processes, Tl is mobilized from sulfides, as evidenced by the depletion of Tl in gossans (1.8 mg/kg), and host rock minerals, leading to a Tl enrichment in AMD leachates (mean of 242 μg/L), with concentrations of up to 8.3 mg/L, several orders of magnitude higher than those reported in natural waters. The precipitation of secondary minerals, with large surface areas, may be a sink for Tl, especially in jarosite minerals (8.4 mg/kg). Thallium can be also removed during the treatment of AMD in alkaline passive treatment systems due mainly to sorption processes onto Fe and Al secondary minerals (i.e., schwertmannite and basaluminite, respectively). Mean Tl contents of 13 mg/kg have been observed in wastes dumped in abandoned mines of the IPB, mainly spoil heaps, slags, roasted pyrite, heap leaching wastes and tailings. However, there is no clear relationship between Tl content and the type of mining wastes. These wastes can suffer weathering, leading to an enrichment of Tl in soils. Previous studies reported that <25% of total Tl is easily extractable, being mainly adsorbed to crystalline Fe oxides in acidic soils and Al oxides in neutral-alkaline soils. Despite this, Tl may be translocated by plants. The translocation of Tl in plants of the IPB has not been properly addressed, however previous studies in other areas showed a low phytoavailability of Tl compared to Cd and Zn, although Tl translocation appears to be strongly controlled by plant species or by differences in Tl speciation. The weathering of rocks, mine wastes and soils may lead to the release of notable amounts of both dissolved and particulate Tl to the hydrosphere. In acidic conditions, Tl seems to be mainly transported by the dissolved phase in AMD-affected streams and rivers, with <15% being transported by the particulate matter. This latter Tl transport may be associated to its incorporation into diatoms and Fe minerals such as jarosite after replacement of Tl+ by H+ in their structure. Subsequent release by desorption processes from jarosite and diatoms in acidic conditions can occur. This process has also been observed in estuaries affected by AMD, thus, Tl transported by jarosite minerals in the particulate matter and diatoms are released back to the estuarine waters across the salinity gradient due to the increasing proportion of unreactive TlCl0 and K+ ions, which compete for adsorption sites in jarosite with Tl+. Thus, enhanced transport of Tl to the oceans is observed in AMD-affected systems.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the research project TRAMPA (MINECO; PID2020-119196RB-C21) and the Andalusian Regional Government under the AIHODIEL project (PYC20 RE 032 UHU) within the FEDER program. C.R Canovas thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Postdoctoral Fellowship granted under application reference RYC2019-027949-I. M.D. Basallote thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Postdoctoral Fellowship granted under application reference IJC2018-035056-I. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Huelva /CBU

Life cycle assessment of management/valorisation practices for metal-sludge from treatment of acid mine drainage

The treatment of acid mine drainage in sulphide mining generates large amounts of metal-rich sludge whose management suppose an environmental quandary worldwide. Although traditional practices have focused on safe disposal in landfills, more environmentally friendly solutions may be adopted. The environmental performance of these solutions can be evaluated using tools like Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) that allows the estimation of the cumulative environmental impacts resulting from all stages in the product life cycle. The main goal of this study is, for the first time, to perform a LCA on different management strategies (i.e., i), encapsulation and disposal in landfill; ii) metal recovery using a chemical scheme; iii) pellets manufacturing for phosphorus removal from wastewaters; and iv) brick fabrication) for the metal-rich sludge generated from an active treatment plant. The manufacturing of pelletized material exhibited the lowest impacts (−35 REQs) due mainly to the environmental benefits of wastewater treatment. Despite the undoubtedly economic interest of recovering metals from the sludge, this route exhibited the highest environmental impacts (38 REQs), especially in the categories of fossil depletion (20,943 kg oil eq), marine (64 kg 1,4-dB eq) and freshwater ecotoxicity (50 kg 1,4-dB eq) due to the use of toluene and trybutylphosphate (TBP). The manufacture of bricks could be also an alternative route by obtaining economic value while exhibiting low environmental impacts (0.32 REQs), mainly on marine and freshwater ecotoxicity (0.7 kg 1,4-dB eq). These impacts can be notably reduced if waste materials are used replacing clays or using renewable energies. The encapsulation of these wastes is also a suitable option with a low environmental impact (0.46 REQs), but slightly greater than the brick manufacturing and with no economic return.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economic and Competitiveness through the projects CGL2016-78783-C2-1-R (SCYRE) and by H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT RawMaterials) through the projects Modular recovery process services for hydrometallurgy and water treatment (MORECOVERY). C.R C´anovas thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Postdoctoral Fellowship granted under application reference RYC2019- 027949-I. F. Macias was funded by the R&D FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020 call through the project RENOVAME (FEDER; UHU- 1255729). The authors would also like to thank to Dr. Roland Hischier (Associate Editor) for its kindly handling and four anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions that improved the quality of the manuscript. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Huelva / CBU