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An Alternative Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Copper and Lead for Quality Control of Sugar Cane Spirit using a Nanotube-Based Sensor

Author: Cardoso Maria das Gracas
Magriotis Zuy Maria
Okumura Leonardo L.
Oliveira Marcelo F. de
Saczk Adelir A.
Tavares Elisangela de F. L.
Publication venue: SAO PAULO
Publication date: 01/01/2012
Field of study

The development of an electroanalytical method for simultaneous determination of copper and lead ions in sugar cane spirit (cachaca) using carbon paste electrode modified with ascorbic acid and carbon nanotubes (CPE-AaCNT) is described. Squarewave voltammetry (SWV) with anodic stripping was employed, and this technique was optimized with respect to the following parameters: frequency (50 Hz), amplitude (100 mV) and scan increment (9 mV). The analytical curves were linear in the range from 0.0900 to 7.00 mg L-1 for lead and copper. The limits of detection were 48.5 and 23.9 mu g L-1 for lead and copper, respectively. The developed method was applied to the simultaneous determination of copper and lead in five commercial samples of sugar cane spirit. The results were in good agreement with those obtained by F AAS/GF AAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometry/graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry) and showed that CPE-AaCNT can be successfully employed in the simultaneous determination of these metals in real sugar cane spirit samples.Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV)Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV)Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP)Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP

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RCAAP - Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal

Universidade de São Paulo

An alternative method for the simultaneous determination of copper and lead for quality control of sugar cane spirit using a nanotube-based sensor

Author: Adelir A. Saczk
Elisângela de F. L. Tavares
Leonardo L. Okumura
Marcelo F. de Oliveira
Maria das Graças Cardoso
Zuy Maria Magriotis
Publication venue: 'FapUNIFESP (SciELO)'
Publication date
Field of study

Crossref

Insights into the high-energy γ-ray emission of Markarian 501 from extensive multifrequency observations in the Fermi era

Author: Abdo A.A.
Acciari V.A.
Ackermann M.
Ajello M.
Aleksić J.
Allafort A.
Aller H.D.
Aller M.F.
Angelakis E.
ANTONELLI Lucio Angelo
Antoranz P.
Arkharov A.A.
Arlen T.
Aune T.
Backes M.
Baldini L.
Ballet J.
Barbiellini G.
Baring M.G.
Barrio J.A.
Bastieri D.
Bechtol K.
Bednarek W.
Bellazzini R.
Benbow W.
Berdyugin A.
Berenji B.
Berger K.
Bernardini E.
Biland A.
Blanch O.
Blandford R.D.
Blinov D.A.
Bloom E.D.
Bock R.K.
Boller A.
Boltuch D.
Bonamente E.
Bonnoli G.
Bordas P.
Borgland A.W.
Bosch-Ramon V.
Bose D.
Bouvier A.
Bradbury S.M.
Brandt T.J.
Braun I.
Bregeon J.
Bretz T.
Brez A.
Brigida M.
Bruel P.
Buckley J.H.
Buehler R.
Bugaev V.
Buson S.
Calcidese P.
Caliandro G.A.
Camara M.
Cameron R.A.
Cannon A.
Cannon A.
CAPALBI Milvia
Caraveo P.A.
Carmona E.
Carosi A.
Carramiñana A.
Carrasco L.
Carrigan S.
Casandjian J.M.
CASSARO Pietro Antonio
Cavazzuti E.
Cecchi C.
Cesarini A.
Charles E.
Chekhtman A.
Chen W.P.
Cheung C.C.
Chiang J.
Ciprini S.
Ciupik L.
Claus R.
Cohen-Tanugi J.
Colin P.
Colombo E.
Conrad J.
Contreras J.L.
Cortina J.
COVINO Stefano
Cui W.
Cutini S.
Dazzi F.
De Angelis A.
De Cea Del Pozo E.
De La Fuente E.
De Lotto B.
De Maria M.
De Palma F.
De Sabata F.
Delgado Mendez C.
Dermer C.D.
Diago Ortega A.
Dickherber R.
Do Couto E Silva E.
Doert M.
Domínguez A.
Dorner D.
Doro M.
Drell P.S.
Dubois R.
Dumora D.
Efimova N.V.
Elsaesser D.
Errando M.
Falcone A.
Favuzzi C.
Fegan S.J.
Ferenc D.
Ferrara E.C.
Finley J.P.
Finnegan G.
Focke W.B.
Fonseca M.V.
Font L.
Fortin P.
Fortson L.
FRAILIS Marco
Fuhrmann L.
Fukazawa Y.
Funk S.
Furniss A.
Fusco P.
Galante N.
Gall D.
Garczarczyk M.
Gargano F.
Gasparrini D.
Gaug M.
Gehrels N.
Germani S.
Giavitto G.
Giglietto N.
Gillanders G.H.
Giordano F.
GIROLETTI MARCELLO
Glanzman T.
Godambe S.
Godfrey G.
Godinovi N.
González J.B.
Grenier I.A.
Grube J.
Guenette R.
Guillemot L.
Guiriec S.
Gurwell M.A.
Gyuk G.
Hadasch D.
Hanna D.
Hayashida M.
Hays E.
Herrero A.
Hildebrand D.
Holder J.
Horan D.
Hose J.
Hrupec D.
Huang D.
Hughes R.E.
Hui C.M.
Humensky T.B.
Höhne-Mönch D.
Jogler T.
Johnson A.S.
Johnson W.N.
Jóhannesson G.
Kaaret P.
Kadler M.
Kamae T.
Karlsson N.
Katagiri H.
Kataoka J.
Kertzman M.
Kieda D.
Kimeridze G.
Klepser S.
Knödlseder J.
Konopelko A.
Konstantinova T.S.
Kopatskaya E.N.
Koptelova E.
Kovalev Y.Y.
Kovalev Yu.A.
Kranich D.
Krause J.
Krawczynski H.
Krennrich F.
Krichbaum T.P.
Krimm H.A.
Krähenbühl T.
Kurtanidze O.M.
Kurtanidze S.O.
Kuss M.
LA BARBERA ANTONINO
Lande J.
Lang M.J.
Larionov V.M.
Larionova E.G.
Larionova L.V.
Latronico L.
Lee S.-H.
Lemoine-Goumard M.
Leonardo E.
LETO PAOLO
Ligustri R.
Lindfors E.
Lister M.L.
LOMBARDI Saverio
Longo F.
Loparco F.
Lorenz E.
Lott B.
Lovellette M.N.
Lubrano P.
Lähteenmäki A.
López M.
López R.J.G.
MACCAFERRI Giuseppe
Madejski G.M.
Maier G.
Majumdar P.
Makariev E.
Makeev A.
Maneva G.
Mankuzhiyil N.
Mannheim K.
Maraschi L.
Mariotti M.
Martínez M.
Max-Moerbeck W.
Mazin D.
Mazziotta M.N.
McArthur S.
McCann A.
McCutcheon M.
McEnery J.E.
Mehault J.
Meucci M.
Michelson P.F.
Miranda J.M.
Mirzoyan R.
Mitthumsiri W.
Miyamoto H.
Mizuno T.
Moiseev A.A.
Moldón J.
Monte C.
Monzani M.E.
Moody J.W.
Moralejo A.
Mori Y.
Moriarty P.
Morozova D.A.
Morselli A.
Moskalenko I.V.
Mukherjee R.
Murgia S.
Naumann-Godo M.
Nestoras I.
Nieto D.
Nikolashvili M.G.
Nilsson K.
Nishino S.
Nolan P.L.
Norris J.P.
Nuss E.
Ohsugi T.
Okumura A.
Omodei N.
Ong R.
Orito R.
Orlando E.
ORLATI ANDREA
Ormes J.F.
Otte A.N.
Oya I.
Pace C.
Pagani C.
Pandel D.
Paneque D.
Panetta J.H.
Paoletti R.
Paredes J.M.
Parent D.
Partini S.
Pasanen M.
Pauss F.
Pavlidou V.
Pearson III R.
Pearson T.J.
Pegna R.G.
Pelassa V.
PEPE Mario
Perez-Torres M.A.
Perkins J.S.
PERRI Matteo
PERSIC Massimo
Peruzzo J.
Pesce-Rollins M.
Pichel A.
Piner B.G.
Piron F.
Pochon J.
Pohl M.
Porter T.A.
Prada Moroni P.G.
Prada F.
PRANDINI ELISA
Prester D.D.
Puchades N.
Puljak I.
Pushkarev A.B.
Quinn J.
Ragan K.
Rainò S.
RAITERI Claudia Maria
Rando R.
Razzano M.
Readhead A.
Reichardt T.
Reimer A.
Reimer O.
Reinthal R.
Reyes L.C.
Reynolds P.T.
Rhode W.
Ribó M.
Richards J.L.
Rico J.
Ripken J.
Rissi M.
Ritz S.
Roache E.
Ros E.
Rose H.J.
Roth M.
Rovero A.C.
Rügamer S.
Sadrozinski H.F.-W.
Sadun A.C.
Saggion A.
Saito K.
Saito T.Y.
Sakamoto T.
Salvati M.
Sanchez D.
Sander A.
Satalecka K.
Scalzotto V.
Scapin V.
Scargle J.D.
Schroedter M.
Schultz C.
Schweizer T.
Sembroski G.H.
Senturk G.D.
Sgrò C.
Shayduk M.
Shore S.N.
Sierpowska-Bartosik A.
Sigua L.A.
Sillanpää A.
Siskind E.J.
Sitarek J.
Smith P.D.
Sobczynska D.
Sokolovsky K.V.
Spandre G.
Spanier F.
Spinelli P.
Spiro S.
STAMERRA Antonio
Stawarz L.
Steele D.
Steinke B.
Stevenson M.
Storz J.
Strah N.
Strickm M.S.
Struebig J.C.
Suric T.
Suson D.J.
Swordy S.P.
Sánchez-Conde M.
Takahashi H.
Takahashi T.
Takalo L.O.
Tanaka T.
TAVECCHIO Fabrizio
Temnikov P.
Terzić T.
Tescaro D.
Teshima M.
Tešić G.
Thayer J.B.
Thayer J.G.
Theiling M.
Thibadeau S.
Thompson D.J.
Tibaldo L.
Tornikoski M.
Torres D.F.
Tosti G.
Tramacere A.
Tridon D.B.
Troitsky I.S.
Uchiyama Y.
Usher T.L.
Vandenbroucke J.
Vankov H.
Varlotta A.
Vasileiou V.
Vilchez N.
VILLATA Massimo
Vincent S.
Vitale V.
Wagner R.M.
Waite A.P.
Wakely S.P.
Wang P.
Ward J.E.
Weekes T.C.
Wehrle A.E.
Weinstein A.
Weisgarber T.
Weitzel Q.
Williams D.A.
Winer B.L.
Wood K.S.
Wood M.
Yang Z.
Yatsu Y.
Ylinen T.
Zabalza V.
Zandanel F.
Zanin R.
Zensus J.A.
Ziegler M.
Zitzer B.
Zook A.
Çelik Ö.
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2011
Field of study

We report on the γ-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) γ-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 ± 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 ± 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 ± 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3 GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15-August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensive radio to TeV data set from this campaign provides us with the most detailed spectral energy distribution yet collected for this source during its relatively low activity. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size ≲0.1 pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (≃1044 erg s-1) constitutes only a small fraction (∼10-3) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3 GeV-10 TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20 GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk 501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks. We find that the ultrarelativistic electrons and mildly relativistic protons within the blazar zone, if comparable in number, are in approximate energy equipartition, with their energy dominating the jet magnetic field energy by about two orders of magnitude. © 2011. The American Astronomical Society

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