Saponins from Twenty-Two Cephalaria Species

Saponins in the Cephalaria species have a broad spectrum of biological properties and application potentials. This research aimed to develop a novel method to tentatively identify and quantify triterpenes and saponins in 22 Cephalaria species by LC-HR/MS method. In this study, we provided a broad screening of important biologically active triterpenes and saponins with high separation ability, high sensitivity and high selectivity. This is the first report to prove that Cephalaria species can be a good source of tormentic acid which has many biological activities in literature. The main triterpene compound, tormentic acid was presented at the level between 74.02 mg/kg and 75702.0 mg/kg in n-butanol extract of Cephalaria species. The source of some biologically active saponins such as davisianoside B, aristatoside C, elmalienoside A, balansoide B and scoposide B were also determined with this study, for the first time. Therefore, due to the different activities and usages of the identified compounds, these findings may find application in a number of industries such as nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medical and cosmetic industries

Comparative Study of Antiviral, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenolic Profile and Chemical Content of Propolis Samples in Different Colors from Turkiye

Propolis is a valuable natural substance obtained by honey bees after being collected from the bark, resin of trees, plant leaves and mixed with their saliva, and has been widely used for various biological activities. The properties of propolis can vary widely by botanical origin, location of the hives and colony population. It is thought that the color of propolis is one of the main factors determining its acceptability and originates from the flower markers, pollen and nectar of some plants and is directly related to its chemical content. It is important to compare and standardize the colors, chemical content and biological activities of propolis in our country, which has a rich endemic plant diversity. Thus, in this study, the color indexes of 39 propolis samples from different locations in Turkiye were determined by Lovibond Tintometer, for the first time. The color index, total phenolic content, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities relationship of propolis and two commercial propolis samples were also investigated by HCA and PCA. Turkish propolis, which is defined by its color indices, chemical contents and many different activity potentials, such as antioxidant, antiviral and cytotoxic activity, will find use in many fields from medicine to cosmetics with this study

LC-HRMS Based Approach for Identification and Quantification Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Sea Cucumbers from Aegean Sea - Their Cytotoxic and Antiviral Potentials

There are nearly 1200 species of sea cucumber in the world's seas. Among these creatures included in the Holothuroidea class, 37 species show distribution in the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea. The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical content and biological potent of five sea cucumber species, Holothuria tubulosa, Holothuria poli, Holothuria mammata, Holothuria sanctori and Stichopus regalis which were collected from the Aegean Sea. The detailed flavonoid, phenolic and triterpene contents were determined by LCHR/MS. Cytotoxic activities against several cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231, PC-3, A549, PANC-1, HEPG2 and a healthy cell line CCD-34LU were performed by MTT method. Antiviral activities of the samples were measured as virucidal activity against avian coronavirus by in ovo. According to the results of LC-HRMS analysis, H. sanctori, H. poli and S. regalis had the richest chemical content diversity in terms of examined triterpene compounds. Fumaric acid was detected as the most abundant substance in all sea cucumber species. H. tubulosa had a highly toxic effect on all the tested cells. The best cytotoxic activity on A549 cells was seen in H. mammata, H. sanctori and H. poli. H. sanctori also showed a significant toxic effect against PANC-1, MDA-MB-231, HepG2 and A549 cells, whereas the IC50 value in CCD-34LU cells was above 50 mu g/mL for this sample. The n-butanol extracts of sea cucumber species reduced hemagglutination (HA) virus titer between 1-fold to 4-fold in log2-based at all tested concentrations. The best inhibited virus HA titer results were found in H. tubulosa at 5 mu g/g. According to these results we have obtained, the extracts of sea cucumbers may be used in many fields such as medicine, food, cosmetics in the future. This study is also very important in terms of being a guide for all studies on the use, processing and production of sea cucumbers and detailed isolation and purification studies on sea cucumber species from Turkey.Programme of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [1919B012004993]; Research Council of TurkeyThis study was supported by 2209-A-Research Project Support Programme of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey with project number 1919B012004993. G. Sumer Okkali is thankful to Research Council of Turkey for scholarship

Identification of natural compounds of Jurinea species by LC-HRMS and GC-FID and their bioactivities

The Jurinea Cass. is one of the most important genera within Asteraceae and it comprises about 250 species in total. This genus is known for its numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, antimi-crobial, antilipid peroxidation, anticholinesterase, antileishmanial activities. The aim of this study was to determine chemical composition and biological activities of ethanol and n-hexane extracts of three differ-ent Jurinea species. For this purpose, different parts of J. mollis, J. cadmea and J. pontica were extracted and totally six n-hexane and six ethanol extracts were obtained. Fatty acid content of n-hexane extracts was determined by GC-FID whereas phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol extracts by LC-HRMS. Palmitic acid (16:0) was detected as the most abundant fatty acid in all n-hexane extracts with the rates rang -ing from 42.16%-55.08%, except flowers of J. mollis (JMF) and J. cadmea (JCF). LC-HRMS analysis showed the rutin content of all extracts was higher than other flavonoids, except of J. cadmea flowers, whereas apigenin-7-glucoside was found the most abundant in JCF. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts on HeLa and HEK-293 cells were determined by MTT method, and antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH and CUPRAC assays. Ethanol extract ofJ. mollis flowers significantly inhibited cancerous HeLa cells, with the IC50 value of 9.683 mu g/mL while it was more less toxic on healthy HEK-293 cells. Ethanol extracts of J. mollis flowers and J. mollis steams-leaves (JMSL) showed the highest antioxidant activity by a DPPH inhibition % of 45.516 +/- 2.497 and 56.671 +/- 1.496, respectively. JMF and JMSL have also the highest CUPRAC values (0.880 +/- 0.067 and 1.085 +/- 0.152 mmol TR/g DWE, respectively). Total flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay while total tannin and phenolic content by Folin Chiocalteu & rsquo;s reagent. Results showed that JMSL has the highest total phenolic (108.359 +/- 6.241 mg GAE/ G DWE) and flavonoid (32.080 +/- 4.385 mg QE/ g DWE) contents whereas JMF has the highest tannin content (121.333 +/- 17.889 mg TAE/ g DWE). In the light of these results, various parts of Jurinea species may be regarded as alternative sources for cytotoxic and/or antioxidant flavonoids, phenolics and unsaturated fatty acids that can arouse the interest of pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Chemical composition and biological activities of propolis samples from different geographical regions of Turkey

Propolis is a natural product with many biological activities, and it has been used in many industrial areas, such as pharmaceuticals, food and cosmetics. Thus, in this study, we aim to evaluate the chemical content, antioxidant, antiviral activities, cytotoxicity and the iNOS of propolis samples collected from 39 different regions in Turkey. Phenolic, flavonoid and triterpene profiles were determined using the LC-HRMS method. The main phenolic compounds identified were flavonoids, including diosmetin, rhamnocitrin, isosakuranetin, naringenin, chrysin, 3-O-methyl-quercetin and acacetin, the main phenolic acid was found as caffeic acid. The major triterpene compounds were also detected as oleanolic acid and hederagenin. The composition of volatile compounds in the propolis samples was examined using GC-MS. alpha-Pinene, beta-pinene and limonene were found as the main compounds in most of the samples. Cytotoxic activities against MDA-MB-231, PC-3, A549, HeLa and a nontumor cell line HEK293 were performed using the MIT method. The iNOS was also determined using LPS induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Pmpolis samples exhibited significant cytotoxic and nitric oxide inhibition activities with a significant range of IC50 values. The total antioxidant/phenolic capacities in TR equivalents of pmpolis samples were assayed by DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, and Folin methods. The total phenolics content in the studied pmpolis extracts were found as between 0.96 and 13.53 mmol TR/g. TAC of propolis samples range with respect to the CUPRAC and FRAP methods were found from 0.71 to 8.24 and 0.21 to 2.27 mmol TR/g, respectively. Most of the propolis extracts exhibited more than 80 % DPPH scavenging activities, almost similar or higher than the positive controls. Antiviral activities of the samples were measured as virucidal activity by in ovo. All propolis samples promise for the significant inhibition of avian coronavirus. To our knowledge, this study is the first detailed study in the literature that includes the chemical content and biological activities of Turkish pmpolis collected from different geographical regions