A COMPARISON OF RACE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN ELITE MALE 50-M AND 100-M FREESTYLE SWIMMERS BASED ON THEIR RESULTS

The aim of this research was to determine the differences in specific race performance characteristics of male swimmers in the 50-m and 100-m freestyle at the Serbia Open Championship 2017 (long-course). The overall sample included in this study consisted of 40 swimmers divided by a K-Means Cluster Analysis into three groups in relation to the results in the 50-m freestyle (G1_50, T50=23.53±.27 s, n=6; G2_50, T50=24.54±.33 s, n=18; G3_50, T50=25.52±.33 s, n=16), and 55 swimmers also divided into three groups in relation to the results in the 100-m freestyle (G1_100, T100=50.99±.82s, n=10; G2_100, T100=53.41±.48 s, n=17; G3_100, T100=56.13±1.32 s, n=28). The research results indicate that there is a difference in the specific race performance characteristics in relation to the achieved results in the 50-m freestyle, including: t10_50 (F=16.79, p=.000), SL2_50 (F=4.44, p=.019) and SI2_50 (F=13.49, p=.000), also in the 100-m freestyle, including: t10_100 (F=36.45, p=.000), SL1_100 (F=5.77, p=.005), SL2_100 (F=17.47, p=.000), SL3_100 (F=7.72, p=.001), SL4_100 (F=9.84, p=.000), SI1_100 (F=5.12, p=.009), SI2_100 (F=45.97, p=.000), SI3_100 (F=13.86, p=.000), SI4_100 (F=31.23, p=.000), SR1_100 (F=4.12, p=.022) and SR2_100 (F=6.37, p=.003). Based on these results we can draw the conclusion that swimmers who have better control over their race performance characteristics during all the segments of the race, including stroke length, stroke index and stroke rate have the potential of being faster in the 50-m and 100-m freestyle.

ЕFFECTS OF PROGRAMMED TRAINING ON MOTOR ABILITIES OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

This study aimed to investigate the effects of programmed training on the changes in the explosive strength, speed, and agility in young male volleyball players. The sample of subjects in this research consists of 40 volleyball players of junior age in the volleyball clubs: OK "Topličanin" (n = 20) from Prokuplje and OK "Nis" from Nis (n = 20). Subjects were divided into two groups: experimental group 1 (E1, n = 20) and experimental group 2 (E2, n = 20). Experimental group 1 consists of volleyball players from OK "Topličanin" from Prokuplje, who, in addition to basic specific – situational training, also had plyometric training sessions twice a week for six weeks. Experimental group 2 consists of volleyball players from OK "Niš" from Niš, who had only specific – situational training sessions in that period. The research is longitudinal, comprising the initial and final measurements. The experimental treatment lasted six weeks and was realized in the preparatory period. The three tests were used to assess the explosive strength: 1) Squat jump 2) Countermovement Jump 3) Counter Movement Jump/Arm Swing. The three tests were used to estimate speed: 1) 5 meters sprint 2) 10 meters sprint 3) 15 meters sprint. The three tests were used to estimate agility 1) Agility t-test 2) 9-6-3-6-9 agility test and 3) 505 agility test. Mancova analysis was used to compare different subsamples of subjects at the initial and final measurements. The results of the research show that volleyball-specific-situational training followed by plyometric training significantly improves motor skills: explosive strength, speed, and agility. The strongest effect was noticed on explosive strength

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOWER BODY MUSCLE POTENTIAL DURING UNLOADED AND LOADED SQUAT JUMP IN ELITE MALE SPRINT SWIMMERS

The primary purpose was to determine differences between lower body muscle potential during the unloaded and loaded squat jump (SJ) in elite male swimmers. The secondary purpose was to assess the load that would maximize power output in the SJ. Twenty-one elite male trained competitive swimmers, all members of the Central Serbia Swimming Team (Age = 20.7 ± 3.8 yrs., Height = 1.84 ± 0.56 m, Weight = 77.5 ± 7.3 kg, FINA points 2017 long course = 636 ± 80) performed two trials of the unloaded and loaded SJ (barbell loads equal to 25 and 35% body weight). Loaded SJ testing with free weights was done using the Smith machine. The Myotest performance measuring system was used to calculate absolute and relative values of average power (Pavg, PavgRel) and maximal power (Pmax, PmaxRel) achieved during the unloaded and loaded SJ. The one-way ANOVA method and POST HOC (Tukey HSD) test were used. The results showed significant interactions between the unloaded and loaded squat jump for relative values of maximal power (F= 12.95, p= 0.000) and average power (F= 12.20, p= 0.000) as well as absolute values (F= 7.66, p= 0.001; F= 7.40, p= 0.001). The instantaneous power output in the SJ at 0% additional load (body weight) was significantly greater than that at 25% and 35% in the elite male trained competitive swimmers. The practical application of this study suggests that for male sprint swimmers, the load that generates maximal power output in the squat jump is body weight, without any additional load

THE EFFECTS OF ADDITIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING ON SPECIFIC MOTOR ABILITIES IN YOUNG SWIMMERS

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dry-land strength training on swimming specific motor abilities for young swimmers aged 10-14 years. The participant sample comprised 60 swimmers, aged 10-12 and 13-14, divided into two experimental and two control groups. Measures included 16 variables for assessing specific motor abilities in disciplines 100m crawl and breaststroke. The experimental exercise program lasted 12 weeks. Compared to the control groups, the experimental groups had additional dry-land strength training targeting large muscle groups of the entire body. After the applied experimental program statistically significant effects were identified in the form of improvement of the following variables: start time 10m breaststroke, stroke length in breaststroke and turn length in breaststroke for swimmers aged 10-12, whereas for swimmers aged 13-14 there was improvement in the variable stroke efficiency in crawl. Based on the total analysis, we conclude that the applied experimental program would require modification in the further training process with a view to achieving more considerable training effects which would in turn effect a more significant transformation of swimming results in the categories of swimmers aged 10-12 and 13-14

THE RELATIONS BETWEEN POWER AND FORCE VARIABLES REALIZED DURING THE SQUAT JUMP WITH START PERFORMANCE IN NATIONAL LEVEL MALE SPRINT SWIMMERS

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relation between muscle contractile potential of the leg extensor muscles and starting performance, and to determine whether the level of average power, peak power, maximal force, relative power, average relative power, relative force, jump height and jump velocity measured with the Squat Jump without the arm swing (SJ) are related to the efficiency of start performance (t10m). Twenty-seven male competitive swimmers performed one trial of the SJ test and two swimming start trials corresponding to a 10m distance. The results of Pearson’s correlation showed a statistically significant relation between start efficiency (t10m) and the variables of average power (r = -0.403, p = 0.037), peak power (r = - 0.391, p = 0.044), maximal force (r = -0.420, p = 0.029), relative power (r = - 0.547, p = 0.027), average relative power (r = -0.588, p = 0.023), relative force (r = -0.644, p = 0,007). However, jump height and jump velocity did not show a statistically significant correlation. Regression equation for t10m prediction was defined by the following variables: maximal force (Fmax) and relative force (Frel). The best model to predict starting time on the 10m included consideration of two variables, SJ maximal force and SJ relative force (R = 0.640, R2 adjusted = 0.410). Additionally, the results of this study suggest that swimmers, with higher maximal force values and higher relative force values of leg extensors, should be able to be faster on the 10m-mark than swimmers with lower maximal and relative values

STREINGHT IN SWIMMING

Power is one of the basic factors that ensure the achievement of top sports achievements in swimming. This paper deals with methods and means for the development of specific strength in swimmers. Given the problems, this paper gives a certain contribution to the confirmation and correction of theoretical and empirical positions, primarily in the objective seeing, development and planning of training process

DEVELOPMENT OF STREINGHT IN ANNUAL CYCLE TRAINING

Nowdays, strength training important place because it belongs to the forces should ensure the formation of such physical fitness swimmers that would provide up to arrival of top sports achievements. Strength training should be planned and systematic work during the micro, mezo and macro cycle during many years of training plan. Preparation of land and water should be planned so that the exercises in a dry supplement and compensate for deficiencies of preparation that is done directly in the water

CANONIC RELATIONS OF CONATIVE CHARACTERISTICS AND SUCCESS IN WATER POLO

The aim of our research was to determine the connection between the conative characteristics and success in water polo. The sample of participants for this research can be defined as the population of water polo swimmers (N=60) aged 16 to 18 years, who were only included in the study under the condition that they had taken part in the water polo training process for a period of at least four years. In order to evaluate their conative regulatory mechanisms, we relied on six primary variables: the activity regulator (EPSILON), the organic function regulator (HI), the defense reaction regulator (ALFA), the attack reaction regulator (SIGMA), the system for the coordination of regulatory functions (DELTA), the system for the integration of regulatory functions (ETA), all of which were selected so that the structure of the analysis could be carried out on the basis of the cybernetic. For the evaluation of the criterion variables, we used two variables. The first variable represents the relationship between the number of times a participant played for his team and the number of achieved victories during these matches, and the second variable represents the evaluation of technical ability on the basis of the participants’ performance on certain tests related to water polo. The relations between conative characteristics and success in water polo were determined using a canonical correlation analysis. A correlation analysis was carried out and it indicated a very high correlation between conative characteristics and success in water polo. During the training and competitive process of water polo players, the training components were well balanced, which could mean that they were optimally focused on the development of the relevant motor skills, which correlate with conative characteristics and make up the basis for the training process of water polo players

PROMENE U TELESNOJ KOMPOZICIJI I MIŠIĆNOM FITNESU TOKOM PRELAZNOG PERIODA MLADIH FUDBALERA

The aim of this research was to examine the effects of a 6-week off-season period on body composition and muscle fitness in young soccer players. A total of 48 young soccer players, randomly selected for the experimental group-EG (n=24; Age: 16.83±1.14 years; Height: 175.35±6.68 cm) and control group-CG (n=24; Age: 16.80±1.19 years; Height: 178.18±6.97 cm) took part in this research. The variables of body composition (body mass, body fat mass and BMI) and muscle fitness (CMJ, CMJAS, 20m sprint, slalom test and slalom test with ball) were measured. The first testing session (TS1) took place immediately after the end of the competition period. The second testing session (TS2) was after 2 weeks and the third testing session (TS3) was after 6 weeks from the beginning of the preparation period. Statistically significant differences were found after TS2 and TS3 in all the variables (p<0.05) except in the variables of agility (slalom test and slalom test with a ball) in CG. A significant difference in the experimental group after TS2 was found in the 20m sprint (p<0.05) and after TS3 in body mass (p<0.05), body fat mass (p<0.05), BMI (p<0.05) and the 20m sprint (p<0.05). An effect size analysis showed significant increases after TS2 between EG and CG in the variable body fat mass (ES=-0.73, moderate) and significant decreases in the variable CMJAS (ES=0.60, moderate). Significant increases after TS3 between EG and CG were found in the variable body fat mass (ES=-0.93, moderate) and significant decreases in both the variable of jumping performance CMJ (ES=0.81, moderate) and CMJAS (ES=0.91, moderate).Cilj ovog istraživanja je da se ispitaju efekti 6-nedeljnog prelaznog perioda na telesnu kompoziciju i mišićnom fitnesu mladih fudbalera. Ukupno 48 mladih fudbalera, nasumično podeljenih u eksperimentalnu grupu-EG (n=24; uzrast: 16.83±1.14 godina; visina: 175.35±6.68cm) i kontrolnu grupu-CG (n=24; uzrast: 16.80±1.19 godina; visina: 178.18±6.97cm) učestvovalo je u ovom istraživanju. Varijable za procenu telesne kompozicije (telesna težina, telesne masti i BMI) i mišićnog fitnesa (CMJ, CMJAS, 20m sprint, slalom test i slalom test sa loptom) su mereni. Prvo testiranje (TS1) obavljeno je neposredno nakon završetka takmičarskog perioda. Drugo testiranje (TS2) je bilo nakon 2-nedelje i treće testiranje (TS3) je bilo nakon 6-nedelja na početku pripremnog perioda. Na osnovu statističke analize (ANOVA sa ponovljenim merenjima) statistička značajnost je pronađena posle TS2 i TS3 u svim varijablama (p<0.05) osim u varijablama agilnosti (slalom test and slalom test sa loptom) kontrolne grupe. Statistička značajnost eksperimentalne grupe posle TS2 pronađena je samo u varijabli 20m sprint (p<0.05), a posle TS3 u telesnoj težini (p<0.05), telesnim mastima (p<0.05), BMI (p<0.05) i 20m sprint (p<0.05). Analiza veličine efekta pokazala nam je značajna smanjenja posle TS2 između EG i CG u varijabli telesnih masti (ES=-0.73, umerena) i značajna uvećanja u varijabli CMJAS (ES=0.60, umerena). Značajna smanjenja posle TS3 između EG i CG je pronađeno u varijabli telesne masti (ES=-0.93, umerena) i značajna uvećanja u oba parametra skakčkih sposobnosti CMJ (ES=0.81, umerena) i CMJAS (ES=0.91, umerena)