新人看護師のリアリティショックに関する研究

広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(学術)Doctor of Philosophydoctora

岡山で生産される白色桃の果実サイズ別の果皮色と果汁成分

Skin color and juice constituents in large(L), medium(M), nad small(S) fruits of four peach cultivars, Hashiba-hakuho(early maturing), were analyzed to elucidate the effect of fruit size on the quality. The fruits containing higher soluble solids than 12°Brix were samled at a commercial packing-house located in southen Okayama. They were stored at 25℃ until fully ripened. The skin color on the cheeks (yellowish) was dark in S fruits of Hashiba-hakuto and Hakurei, respectively, compared to the fruits of other sizes. The sucrose + fructose content in juice, the major source of the sweetness, was higher in S and M fruits in Hakuho, Shimisu-hakuto, and Hakurei, while the malic+citric acid content, the major sour constituent, was lower in L fruits in those cultivars, although no significant difference was found in Hashiba-hakuho. Asparagine, the biggest amino acid fraction and thought to deteriorate the fruit taste at high levels, was higher in L fruits tahn in S fruits in Hashiba-hakuho and Hakuho. The content in Shimizu-hakuto and Hakurei fruits was generally low and not affected by fruit size. The content of γ-decalactone, the major peachy aromatic substance, was higher in L fruits in Hashiba-hakuto, in M fruits in Hakuho and Shimizu-hakuto, and in S fruits in Hakurei, than in those of other sizes. Sensory tests revealed that the L fruits of Hakuho and S fruits of Hakurei were poor in flavor. These results suggest that the larger fruits of Hakuho, Shimizu-kakuto, and Hakurei, the representative white peach fruits in Okayama, have rather falatter tastes than medium size fruits because of their lower sweetness and sourness and weaker aroma, as well as poorer texture.岡山市一宮のモモの選果場に出荷された有袋栽培の‘橋場白鳳’（早生），‘白鳳’（早中生），‘清水白桃’（中生）および‘白麗’（晩生）から，３段階のサイズ（Ｌ，Ｍ，Ｓ）の果実を入手し，完熟状態（手で皮が剥ける）に達するまで25℃の室温においた．それらの果実について，果皮色と果汁成分の分析と果肉の食味テストを行い，果実のサイズによる品質の相違を検討した．‘橋場白鳳’では，Ｓ果実は地色が暗く，‘清水白桃’のＬ果実は着色が濃いが色調が暗く，‘白麗’のＬ果実は着色が薄くて黄色が強く，いずれも外観が劣った．果汁中の主要な甘味成分であるスクロース＋フルクトース含量は，‘白鳳’，‘清水白桃’および‘白麗’ではＳまたはＬ果実で高く，酸味成分のリンゴ酸＋クエン酸含量は，それら３品種のＬ果実で最も低かった．‘橋場白鳳’では果実サイズによる糖・酸含量の有意な差がなかった．果実に苦みを与えるアスパラギン含量は，‘橋場白鳳’と‘白鳳’ではＬ果実で高かったが，‘清水白桃’と‘白麗’ではどのサイズでも含量が低かった．モモ香の主成分であるγ-decalactoneは，‘橋場白鳳’ではＬ果実で高かったが，‘白鳳’と‘清水白桃’ではＭ果実で，‘白麗’ではＳ果実で高かった．官能テストの結果，‘白鳳’のＬ果実と‘白麗’のＳ果実は食味が劣った．これらの結果から，岡山の「白桃」を代表する‘白鳳’，‘清水白桃’，‘白麗’の大果は，中程度の大きさの果実より甘味と酸味が低く，アロマが弱いなど，食味が薄く，肉質も劣ると考えられる

Polished rice as natural sources of cancer-preventing geranylgeranoic acid

Geranylgeranoic acid, a 20-carbon polyprenoic acid (all-trans 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecatetraenoic acid) and its derivatives were previously developed as synthetic “acyclic retinoids” for cancer chemoprevention. Recently, we demonstrated the natural occurrence of geranylgeranoic acid in various medicinal herbs (Shidoji and Ogawa, 2004). In this present study, we present several lines of evidence to demonstrate that geranylgeranyl diphosphate taken in foods could be metabolized to GGA through geranylgeraniol and geranylgeranyl aldehyde via the following steps: 1) The conversion from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to geranylgeraniol was demonstrated to occur by the action of bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase, with a Km of 46.1 µM. 2) Geranylgeraniol oxidase-mediated conversion of geranylgeraniol to geranylgeranyl aldehyde was revealed in rat liver homogenates, which activity was mainly localized in the mitochondrial fraction. The mitochondrial enzyme showed a Km of 92.9 µM. 3) The conversion of geranylgeranyl aldehyde to geranylgeranoic acid by geranylgeranyl aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver homogenates was absolutely dependent on exogenously added NAD+ or NADP+. The Km of the mitochondrial geranylgeranyl aldehyde dehydrogenase was 27.5 µM for geranylgeranyl aldehyde. Taken together, our data suggest that cancer preventive geranylgeranoic acid could be a physiological metabolite from commonly consumed foods

Genetic Polymorphism of Cancer Susceptibility Genes and HPV Infection in Cervical Carcinogenesis

It is widely accepted that specific human papillomavirus (HPV) types are the central etiologic agent of cervical carcinogenesis. However, a number of infected women do not develop invasive lesions, suggesting that other environmental and host factors may play decisive roles in the persistence of HPV infection and further malignant conversion of cervical epithelium. Although many previous reports have focused on HPV and environmental factors, the role of host susceptibility to cervical carcinogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we review the findings of genetic association studies in cervical carcinogenesis with special reference to polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) isoforms, p53 codon 72, murine double-minute 2 homolog (MDM2) gene promoter 309, and FAS gene promoter -670 together with HPV types including our recent research results

Clinical impact of primary tumour location, early tumour shrinkage, and depth of response in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer with first‑line chemotherapy plus cetuximab or bevacizumab

The primary tumour location is an important prognostic factor for previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the predictive efficacies of primary tumour location, early tumour shrinkage (ETS), and depth of response (DpR) on mCRC treatment has not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the predictive efficacies of these traits in mCRC patients treated with first-line 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy plus biologic agents, namely, cetuximab and bevacizumab. This was a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 110 patients with pathology-documented unresectable mCRC. Patients with left-sided mCRC receiving any first-line regimen showed better overall survival (OS) than those with right-sided mCRC [33.3 vs 16.3 months; hazard ratio (HR) 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27–0.74; p < 0.001]. In patients with left-sided tumours, treatment with chemotherapy plus cetuximab yielded longer OS than chemotherapy plus bevacizumab (50.6 vs 27.8 months, HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.32–0.97; p = 0.0378). mCRC patients with ETS and high DpR showed better OS than those lacking ETS and with low DpR (33.5 vs 19.6 months, HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.32–0.79, p = 0.023 and 38.3 vs 19.0 months, HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.28–0.68, p < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, ETS and/or high DpR achieved in patients with right-sided mCRC receiving chemotherapy plus cetuximab were associated with significantly better OS than in those lacking ETS and with low DpR (34.3 vs 10.4 months, HR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.94, p = 0.025 and 34.3 vs 10.4 months, HR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.94, p = 0.0257, respectively). Taken together, our study demonstrates that primary tumour location is not only a well-known prognostic factor but also a relevant predictive factor in patients with mCRC receiving chemotherapy plus cetuximab. Additionally, both ETS and DpR could predict treatment outcomes and also potentially guide cetuximab treatment even in right-sided mCRCs

A Serine Palmitoyltransferase Inhibitor Blocks Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Human Hepatocytes

Background & AimsHost cell lipid rafts form a scaffold required for replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Serine palmitoyltransferases (SPTs) produce sphingolipids, which are essential components of the lipid rafts that associate with HCV nonstructural proteins. Prevention of the de novo synthesis of sphingolipids by an SPT inhibitor disrupts the HCV replication complex and thereby inhibits HCV replication. We investigated the ability of the SPT inhibitor NA808 to prevent HCV replication in cells and mice.MethodsWe tested the ability of NA808 to inhibit SPT’s enzymatic activity in FLR3-1 replicon cells. We used a replicon system to select for HCV variants that became resistant to NA808 at concentrations 4- to 6-fold the 50% inhibitory concentration, after 14 rounds of cell passage. We assessed the ability of NA808 or telaprevir to inhibit replication of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, and 4a in mice with humanized livers (transplanted with human hepatocytes). NA808 was injected intravenously, with or without pegylated interferon alfa-2a and HCV polymerase and/or protease inhibitors.ResultsNA808 prevented HCV replication via noncompetitive inhibition of SPT; no resistance mutations developed. NA808 prevented replication of all HCV genotypes tested in mice with humanized livers. Intravenous NA808 significantly reduced viral load in the mice and had synergistic effects with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and HCV polymerase and protease inhibitors.ConclusionsThe SPT inhibitor NA808 prevents replication of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, and 4a in cultured hepatocytes and in mice with humanized livers. It might be developed for treatment of HCV infection or used in combination with pegylated interferon alfa-2a or HCV polymerase or protease inhibitors

The crucial role of the TRPM7 kinase domain in the early stage of amelogenesis.

Transient receptor potential melastatin-7 (TRPM7) is a bi-functional protein containing a kinase domain fused to an ion channel. TRPM7 is highly expressed in ameloblasts during tooth development. Here we show that TRPM7 kinase-inactive knock-in mutant mice (TRPM7 KR mice) exhibited small enamel volume with opaque white-colored incisors. The TRPM7 channel function of ameloblast-lineage cells from TRPM7 KR mice was normal. Interestingly, phosphorylation of intracellular molecules including Smad1/5/9, p38 and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) was inhibited in ameloblasts from TRPM7 KR mice at the pre-secretory stage. An immunoprecipitation assay showed that CREB was bound to TRPM7, suggesting that direct phosphorylation of CREB by TRPM7 was inhibited in ameloblast-lineage cells from TRPM7 KR mice. These results indicate that the function of the TRPM7 kinase domain plays an important role in ameloblast differentiation, independent of TRPM7 channel activity, via phosphorylation of CREB.福岡歯科大学2017年