Haematology and pathologic changes associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from barn swallows around poultry houses in broiler chickens

The impact of vermin found in poultry houses has increased in recent times. This study evaluated the occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in free flying barn swallows found in poultry houses in Ibadan and determined its pathogenicity in broilers. Barn swallows (23) were caught using mist nets, their oral and cloacal microbial culture yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One-week-old, thirty-five broilers were divided randomly into infected (n=23) and control (n=12) groups. Each bird in the infected group was inoculated with viable infective dose of 0.5 ml of 8hr broth containing (105) CFU/ml of Pseudomonas aeruginosa via oro-nasal route. The infected group showed dullness, rales and bloody diarrhoea. The pack cell volume was consistently lower in the infected group compared to the control group although not statistically significant post-infection. The platelets count was significantly (P <0.05) higher in the infected group on day 7 pi. Total white blood cell was significantly (P <0.05) higher in the infected group on day 14 pi. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in heterophil count on days 7 and 35 pi. The mean lymphocyte value of the infected chickens was significantly (P <0.05) lower than the control group only on day 35 pi, while the monocyte count in the infected group was significantly (P<0.05) lower on day 28 pi. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to gentamycin and resistant to oxytetracycline except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hepatic congestion, splenomegaly and enteritis were observed in the infected chickens. Barn swallows harbour pathogenic bacteria, causing clinico-pathological changes in chickens and may be partly responsible for transmission of pathogenic bacteria within and between poultry houses due to their free-flying habit. Adequate biosecurity measures including screening nets on poultry houses are recommended to prevent access of these free flying birds into poultry pens

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellular and haematological changes in different types of caprine pneumonia

Goats in the tropics are often reared under the traditional extensive and semi-intensive management systems. These and other factors influence the pattern of pneumonia complex in goats. We investigated the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) cellular changes and haematological response in different types of caprine pneumonia in Nigeria. Haematological indices and BALf cells were analysed from 300 goats randomly selected from 700 goats comprising different breed, age and body scores. The pneumonia status was well characterised using standard pathological tools. Data is summarized as Mean ± SEM and compared using non-parametric statistics at 5% significance. There was leukocytosis in the pneumonic animals. The overall lavage recovery rate was 55.5%. The differences in Haemoglobin concentration, and Lymphocyte-Neutrophil ratio were significant (p<0.05). BALf changes in the neutrophil, macrophage and eosinophil counts were significantly different (p<0.05). The diagnostic features including increased percentage neutrophils, Macrophage-Neutrophil ratio and eosinophils observed in BAL were reliable and also correlated positively to the pathological findings. BAL should be considered a component of the diagnostic approach to caprine pneumonia complex, as it may accurately aid diagnosis and identification of the causal organisms.Keywords: Bronchoalveolar lavage, Haematology, Pneumonia, Comparative, Caprin

Primjena imunoenzimnog testa za dijagnosticiranje zaraze svinja praživotinjom Trypanosoma brucei.

The prevalence rate of Trypanosoma brucei infection in pigs was appraised by a monoclonal antibody-based antigen-detection enzyme immunoassay (antigen-ELISA). Blood samples were collected in the abattoir from pigs reared in the rain forest and derived savannah region of Nigeria under the traditional extensive management system. Blood samples were also collected from 50 exotic pigs reared on a commercial farm with fly-proof pens. These blood samples were analyzed for presence of trypanosomes and antigens in peripheral blood. Of 189 porcine blood samples 51 (27.0%) were positive for circulating antigens, whereas only 4 (2.1%) had demonstrable trypanosomes as revealed by the haematocrit centrifugation/buffy-coat technique. When the 51 blood samples collected in EDTA tube corresponding to those sera that were positive for T. brucei antigens were subinoculated into mice, 46 (90.1%), the mice became infected. Demonstration of trypanosomes in the infected mice is supportive proof that the parasites were residing in the infected hosts. Samples collected from 50 exotic pigs in fly-proof pens were all antigen- ELISA negative. In addition, none of the corresponding 50 control blood samples had demonstrable trypanosomes by the buffy-coat method, nor do they show detectable parasites after subinoculation into mice. Thus, antigen-ELISA appeared to be a better and more useful tool for mass sero-epidemiological survey of porcine T. brucei infection when compared to the buffy-coat technique.Proširenost zaraze praživotinjom Trypanosoma brucei u svinja pretraživana je imunoenzimnim testom za dokaz antigena (antigen-ELISA). Uzorci krvi su prikupljeni u klaonici, od svinja uzgojenih u uvjetima tradicionalnog ekstenzivnog gospodarenja u području džungle i u području savane u Nigeriji. Uzorci su uzeti i od 50 egzotičnih svinja uzgojenih na komercijalnim farmama sa svinjcima zaštićenim od muha. Krvni uzorci su pregledani na prisutnost tripanosoma i na antigene u perifernoj krvi. Od 189 uzoraka krvi svinja, 51 (27,0%) je bio pozitivan na antigene u krvi, dok su samo u 4 (2,1%) otkrivene praživotinje tripanosome pomoću hematokrita. Kada su uzorci krvi od 51 svinje čiji su serumi bili pozitivni na praživotinju Trypanosoma brucei inokulirani miševima, 46 (90,1%) ih je postalo zaraženo. Nalaz tripanosoma u zaraženih miševa je dokaz da su paraziti živjeli u tim zaraženim svinjama. Uzorci od 50 egzotičnih svinja iz svinjaca bez muha su svi bili antigen- ELISA negativni. Uz to, niti jedan od tih 50 kontrolnih uzoraka nije pokazao prisutnost tripanosoma u sloju bijelih krvnih stanica, niti su pronađeni nametnici nakon inokulacije miševima. Tako se pokazalo da je antigen-ELISA bolja i korisnija metoda za masovne seroepidemiološke pretrage svinja na zarazu s praživotinjom T. brucei, u usporedbi s dokazom tripanosoma u bijelim krvnim stanicama

Functional Foods and the Gut Microbiome

The diversity of microorganisms that inhabits the gut play vital roles as determinants of human health. Among other factors, diet has a significant impact on gut microbial composition and function. This is as a result of the biotransformation of food components and the production of metabolites by the microorganisms. Examples of gut microbiota include Bifidobacterium, Lac-tobacillus, Streptococcus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The interplay between the diet, gut micro-biota, and the host occurs as the diet changes the gut microbiota composition and function, which in turn affects the host biochemical processes. Thus, diet is currently considered one of the most critical factors that control microbiota structure and metabolism. Functional foods such as probiotic products, prebiotics, symbiotic and dietary polyphenols can modulate the microbio-ta. This is a result of the health benefits associated with these foods. More knowledge of the interactions between functional foods and specific intestinal bacteria could contribute to a better understanding of both positive and negative interactions in vivo and the identification of new microorganisms inhabiting the gut

Molecular Detection of ESBLs, TEM, SHV, and CTX‐M in Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates in Ogun State

This study sought to detect the Class A extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBLs) present in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical samples using molecular methods. Twenty‐seven P. aeruginosa isolates were characterized among one hundred and fifty clinical samples obtained from three major hospitals in Ogun State. Twenty‐five isolates were found to be ESBL producers upon phenotypic screening. DNA was extracted using Zymo DNA extraction kit. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the ESBL genes using specific primers for the CTX‐M, SHV, and TEM genes. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to resolve the amplicons, and they were visualized with a UV transilluminator, 64% (16 isolates) were found positive for TEM, 52 and (13 isolates) for SHV, and 44% (11 isolates) for CTX‐M. Some isolates were found positive for two or more of the screened genes. This research identifies the need for surveillance of ESBL producers within Ogun state

Antibiotic Resistance Status of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Clinical Isolates in Ogun State

Pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria mostly produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), a feature that confers resistance to some newer generations of antibiotics. The study was aimed at evaluating the antibiotic resistance status of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates collected from September to November 2020 from tertiary care hospitals in Ogun State, Nigeria. One hundred fifty isolates from clinical samples (high vaginal swab, wound, urine, ear, blood) were obtained, and their susceptibility pattern was determined against eight antibiotics. Out of the 150 samples, 27 P. aeruginosa were identified. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing was carried out on the isolates using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and ESBL production was detected phenotypically. The mean age group of the patients was 29.56 years. Gentamicin from the aminoglycoside class showed best activity (74.1%), and ampicillin and penicillin showed little to no activity (100% and 96.3%, respectively). Cephalosporins, ceftazidime and cefuroxime were 100% resistant, while the fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin had a mean resistance of 40.7%. The moderate active antibiotic was streptomycin (44.4% susceptible). The poor monitoring of antibiotic usage, the abuse of their availability and the acquisition of resistance elements by organisms in hospitals and the community may be the causes of high antibiotic resistanc

Evaluation of Efflux-Mediated Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa Associated with Healthcare Infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant pathogen identified with healthcare-associated infections. The present study evaluates the role of biofilm and efflux pump activities in influencing high-level resistance in virulent P. aeruginosa strains in clinical infection. Phenotypic resistance in biotyped Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 147) from diagnosed disease conditions was classified based on multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices and analysed with logistic regression for risk factors. Efflux pump activity, biofilm formation, and virulence factors were analysed for optimal association in Pseudomonas infection using receiver operation characteristics (ROC). Agespecificity (OR [CI] = 0.986 [0.946–1.027]), gender (OR [CI] = 1.44 [0.211–9.827]) and infection sources (OR [CI] = 0.860 [0.438–1.688]) were risk variables for multidrug resistance (MDR)-P. aeruginosa infection (p < 0.05). Biofilm formers caused 48.2% and 18.5% otorrhea and wound infections (95% CI = 0.820–1.032; p = 0.001) respectively and more than 30% multidrug resistance (MDR) strains demonstrated high-level efflux pump activity (95% CI = 0.762–1.016; p = 0.001), protease (95% CI = 0.112–0.480; p = 0.003), lipase (95% CI = 0.143–0.523; p = 0.001), and hemolysin (95% CI = 1.109–1.780; p = 0.001). Resistance relatedness of more than 80% and 60% to cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors (ceftazidime, ceffproxil, augumentin, ampicillin) and, DNA translational and transcriptional inhibitors (gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, nitrofurantoin) were observed (p < 0.05). Strong efflux correlation (r = 0.85, p = 0.034) with MDR strains, with high predictive performances in efflux pump activity (ROC-AUC 0.78), biofilm formation (ROC-AUC 0.520), and virulence hierarchical-clustering. Combine activities of the expressed efflux pump and biofilm formation in MDR-P. aeruginosa pose risk to clinical management and infection control

Prevalence Of Metastrongylosis In Slaughtered Pigs In Eruwa And Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

A total of 137 pigs were screened in Ibadan and Eruwa communities in Oyo State, Nigeria, for serum antibodies to Metastrongylus species using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. An overall prevalence of 94.8% was observed among the pig population with 99.1% prevalence recorded in pigs slaughtered in Bodija Abattoir, Ibadan and 73% in pigs from commercial piggeries in Eruwa. A relatively higher prevalence of 100% was also observed in the wet season compared to 86% observed in the dry season among the pigs sampled. This disparity was attributed to the prevalence of earthworms in the wet season. The higher prevalence in pigs slaughtered in Ibadan could be attributed to the semi-intensive/extensive husbandry system of management under which the animals were kept compared to the pigs from Eruwa, which were kept under intensive management system.Au total, 137 porcs ont été examinés auprès des communautés d'Ibadan et d'Eruwa dans l'Etat de l'Oyo au Nigeria pour rechercher, dans le sérum, des anticorps à l'espèce Metastrongylus à l'aide de la technique ELISA (Titrage avec immunoadsorbant lié à une enzyme). On a noté une prévalence globale de 94,8% dans la population porcine, avec une prévalence de 99,1% enregistrée chez les porcs abattus à l'abattoir de Bodija à Ibadan et 73% chez les porcs des porcheries commerciales à Eruwa. Une prévalence relativement plus forte de 100% a également été constatée durant la saison des pluies, comparé à 86% pendant la saison sèche chez les porcs sélectionnés. L'écart était dû à la prévalence des vers de terre pendant la saison des pluies. La prévalence plus forte chez les porcs abattus à Ibadan pourrait être imputable au système d'exploitation semi-intensif/extensif sous lequel les animaux étaient maintenus par rapport aux porcs d'Eruwa, qui étaient soumis à un système d'exploitation intensif.Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 54 (4) 2006: pp. 23-2

Four-legged layer chicken with left bifid cecum and two cloacae

No AbstractBulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 54 (4) 2006: pp. 302-30