Associations between Bovine Coronavirus and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections and Productivity, Health Status and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Swedish Dairy Herds

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) affect dairy herds worldwide. In this study, effects on herd health, morbidity, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were assessed. Herds were considered free of infection (FREE), recently infected (RI) or past steadily infected (PSI) based on antibody testing of milk from primiparous cows. Data from farm records, national databases, and AMR of fecal Escherichia coli from calves were used as outcome variables. Compared to BRSV FREE herds: BRSV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in young stock, a higher proportion of quinolone-resistant E. coli (QREC), but a lower proportion of cows with fever. BRSV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in calves and young stock, a higher proportion of QREC and higher odds of multidrug-resistant E. coli. Compared to BCoV FREE herds: BCoV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in all ages, and of diarrhea in young stock and cows, and a higher proportion of cows with fever. BCoV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in young stock and cows and of cough in all ages. The results support previous research that freedom from BRSV and BCoV is beneficial for animal welfare and farm economy and possibly also mitigates AMR

Associations between Bovine Coronavirus and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections and Productivity, Health Status and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Swedish Dairy Herds

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) affect dairy herds worldwide. In this study, effects on herd health, morbidity, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were assessed. Herds were considered free of infection (FREE), recently infected (RI) or past steadily infected (PSI) based on antibody testing of milk from primiparous cows. Data from farm records, national databases, and AMR of fecal Escherichia coli from calves were used as outcome variables. Compared to BRSV FREE herds: BRSV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in young stock, a higher proportion of quinolone-resistant E. coli (QREC), but a lower proportion of cows with fever. BRSV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in calves and young stock, a higher proportion of QREC and higher odds of multidrug-resistant E. coli. Compared to BCoV FREE herds: BCoV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in all ages, and of diarrhea in young stock and cows, and a higher proportion of cows with fever. BCoV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in young stock and cows and of cough in all ages. The results support previous research that freedom from BRSV and BCoV is beneficial for animal welfare and farm economy and possibly also mitigates AMR

FOXP3+regulatory T cells in normal prostate tissue, postatrophic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and tumor histological lesions in men with and without prostate cancer

Background: The tumor promoting or counteracting effects of the immune response to cancer development are thought to be mediated to some extent by the infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the present study we evaluated the prevalence of Tregpopulations in stromal and epithelial compartments of normal, post atrophic hyperplasia (PAH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and tumor lesions in men with and without prostate cancer. Methods: Study subjects were 102 men consecutively diagnosed with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy and 38 men diagnosed with bladder cancer undergoing cystoprostatectomy without prostate cancer at the pathological examination. Whole mount sections from all patients were evaluated for the epithelial and stromal expression of CD4+Tregsand CD8+Tregsin normal, PAH, PIN, and tumor lesions. A Friedma\uc5\u84s test was used to investigate differences in the mean number of Tregsacross histological lesions. Logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for prostate cancer for each histological area. Results: In men with prostate cancer, similarly high numbers of stromal CD4+Tregswere identified in PAH and tumor, but CD4+Tregswere less common in PIN. Greater numbers of epithelial CD4+ Tregsin normal prostatic tissue were positively associated with both Gleason score and pT-stage. We observed a fourfold increased risk of prostate cancer in men with epithelial CD4+Tregsin the normal prostatic tissue counterpart. Conclusions: Our results may suggest a possible pathway through which PAH develops directly into prostate cancer in the presence of CD4+Tregsand indicate that transformation of the anti-tumor immune response may be initiated even before the primary tumor is established