Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WG® and Myco 500®, two commercial forms of folpet

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pesticides, in particular folpet, have been found in rural and urban air in France in the past few years. Folpet is a contact fungicide and has been widely used for the past 50 years in vineyards in France. Slightly water-soluble and mostly present as particles in the environment, it has been measured at average concentration of 40.1 μg/m³during its spraying, 0.16–1.2 μg/m³in rural air and around 0.01 μg/m³in urban air, potentially exposing both the workers and the general population. However, no study on its penetration by inhalation and on its respiratory toxicity has been published. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of folpet particles (morphology, granulometry, stability) in its commercial forms under their typical application conditions. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of these particles and the generation of reactive oxygen species were assessed <it>in vitro </it>on respiratory cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Granulometry of two commercial forms of folpet (Folpan 80WG^®and Myco 500^®) under their typical application conditions showed that the majority of the particles (>75%) had a size under 5 μm, and therefore could be inhaled by humans. These particles were relatively stable over time: more than 75% of folpet remained in the particle suspension after 30 days under the typical application conditions. The inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) on human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) was found to be between 2.89 and 5.11 μg/cm²for folpet commercial products after 24 h of exposure. Folpet degradation products and vehicles of Folpan 80 WG^®did not show any cytotoxicity at tested concentrations. At non-cytotoxic and subtoxic concentrations, Folpan 80 WG^®was found to increase DCFH-DA fluorescence.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results show that the particles of commercial forms of folpet are relatively stable over time. Particles could be easily inhaled by humans, could reach the conducting airways and are cytotoxic to respiratory cells in vitro. Folpet particles may mediate its toxicity directly or indirectly through ROS-mediated alterations. These data constitute the first step towards the risk assessment of folpet particles by inhalation for human health. This work confirms the need for further studies on the effect of environmental pesticides on the respiratory system.</p

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-7

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p>d Myco 500under their commercial forms; c and d show Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500under 1 g/l folpet aqueous suspension (manufacturer recommended dilution); e and f show Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500sprayed on grape vine leaves after 1 g/l aqueous suspension

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p>d Myco 500under their commercial forms; c and d show Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500under 1 g/l folpet aqueous suspension (manufacturer recommended dilution); e and f show Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500sprayed on grape vine leaves after 1 g/l aqueous suspension

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p>ic acid (n = 9) and phthalic acid (n = 3) and micronic titanium dioxide (n = 3) during 24 h. A neutral red release assay was performed to quantify viable cells. The proportion of dead cells was calculated using the formula (100 - (Absorbancedrug-treated sample × 100/Absorbancecontrol sample)) and is expressed as mean ± se

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p>red by HPLC-UV/DAD over 30 days. Product concentrations are expressed as a percentage of total folpet concentration at day zero (%). Mean concentrations (n = 5, ± se) are represented

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p>independent experiments. * indicates statistical significance from unexposed control

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p>ple were analyzed; the length of 715 particles from Folpan 80WGand 592 from Myco 500were measured using SIS Analysissoftware. The size distribution was not significantly different between Folpan 80WGand Myco 500(p = 0.1309, Wilcoxon test)

Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet-8

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Physicochemical characteristics and bronchial epithelial cell cytotoxicity of Folpan 80 WGand Myco 500, two commercial forms of folpet"</p><p>http://www.particleandfibretoxicology.com/content/4/1/8</p><p>Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007;4():8-8.</p><p>Published online 20 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211752.</p><p></p