Management of rectal prolapse in african dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetraspis) at the University of Ibadan Zoological Garden

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Evaluation of tramadol-midazolam-ketamine anaesthesia in rabbits

Summary: Selected anaesthetic indices of, and the heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature responses of 6 healthy rabbits to the intramuscular administration of 2mg/kg midazolam and 25 mg/kg ketamine alone (MK) and combined with 4mg/kg tramadol (MKT) were evaluated over a 60-min observation period. Time to loss of righting reflex with MKT (1.7±0.3min) was significantly (p˂0.05) shorter than with MK (4.2±1.5min). Duration of recumbency with MKT (76.8±5.1min) and MK (77.8±3.6min) were similar. Time to standing with MKT (9.3±1.1min) was shorter than with MK (15.2±2.4 min). Mean heart rates ranged from 204.7±13.0 to 257.5±3 beats/min with MK, and from 207.3±4.6 to 238.8±8.7 beats/min with MKT. Mean respiratory rates ranged from 33.8±6.2 to 64.3±15.0 breaths/min with MK; from 36.2±2.5 to 54.0±8.6 breaths/min with MKT. Mean temperature ranged between 38.0±0.2 and 38.9±0.2oC with MK and between 37.9±0.3 and 39.1±0.1oC with MKT. Neither MK nor MKT produced analgesia. It was concluded that although the inclusion of tramadol did not produce analgesia, it produced a faster onset of action than midazolam-ketamine alone. Midazolam-ketamine-tramadol will be useful for non-painful procedures where rapid drug action is needed.Keywords: Analgesia, Anaesthesia, Ketamine, Midazolam, Rabbits, TramadolNiger. J. Physiol. Sci. 33(December 2018) 145-14

Effect of vitamin C premedicaton on dexmedetomidineketamine anesthesia in cat

The effect of ascorbic acid premedication on dexmedetomidine-ketamine anaesthesia was evaluated in five cats in two sets of experiments namely dexmedetomidine-ketamine (control) and ascorbic acid /dexmedetomidine/ketamine (test). The control group involved concurrent intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg ketamine and 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine to each cat. Selected anaesthetic indices and vital parameters were recorded at ten minutes’ interval for a period of 90 minutes using standard methods. A week later, the test experiment was conducted with the same cats used in the control experiment but the trial was preceded with intramuscular injection of 20 mg/kg ascorbic acid 10 minutes before the concurrent administration of the previously used doses of dexmedetomidine and ketamine. Vitamin C premedication did not produce any significant difference on heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperature of the treated cats. Onset of drug action was not influenced by premedication with vitamin C and was the same in both control and test groups (3.6 ± 1.50 min). The duration of analgesia was also similar for both control (45.6 ± 13.22 min) and test trials (44.4 ± 10.01 min). Ascorbic acid premedication produced a longer duration of anaesthesia (68.2±17.96 min) than the control (59.6 ± 21.51 min). It also produced a significantly (P < 0.05) shorter time to stand (2.2 ± 2.49 min) than the control (4.8 ± 5.34 min). It was concluded that vitamin C intramuscular administration at a dosage of 20mg/kg prior to dexmedetomidine-ketamine anesthesia in cats produced a longer duration of anaesthesia but hastened the time to stand from sternal recumbency.Keywords: Anaesthesia, Cat, Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine, Vitamin

Evaluation of Diazepam-Ketamine-Pentazocine Anaesthesia in Rabbits

Selected anaesthetic indices of the intramuscular administration of diazepam 5mg/kg followed 10 min later by ketamine 60mg/kg, with pentazocine 10mg/kg (D-K-P) or without pentazocine (D-K) as control, were evaluated in five healthy rabbits that were not undergoing any clinical procedure. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) of the anaesthetized rabbits were also determined over the initial 60-min period.Time to loss of the righting reflex with the D-K-P (1.9 ± 0.6 min) was similar to the control value of 2.0 ± 0.0 min. Whereas D-K lacked analgesic activity, the onset and duration of analgesia with the D-K-P were respectively 3.6 ± 1.4 min and 95.0 ± 10.6 min. Recumbency time with the D-K-P (128.6 ± 9.3 min) was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than the control value of 184 ± 3.3 min. Time to standing with the D-K-P (17.4 ± 1.6 min ) was also significantly shorter than the control value of 42.0 ± 1.4 min. Mean HR with the D-K-P ranged between 140.8 ± 16.1 and 166.4 ± 19.9 beats/ min and were below the control range of 188.6 ± 6.4 and 201.0 ± 3.1 beats/min. Range of mean RR with the D-K-P (34.4 ± 3.1 to 68.0 ± 10.7) breaths/ min was below the control range of 71.4 ± 6.9 and 121.2 ± 12.6 breaths/min. Mean RT with the D-K-P ranged between 38.0 ± 0.4 and 39.9 ± 0.5°C and were similar to the control range of 39.9 ± 0.1° C.It was concluded that the intramuscular administration of D-K-P at the dose rates employed in this study provided satisfactory immobility, analgesia and muscle relaxation of long duration, albeit with some clinically insignificant degree of cardiorespiratory depression, in healthy rabbits

Comparative Evaluation of the Anaesthetic Indices of Propofol in Varying Combinations With Diclofenac and Tramadol in Dogs

This study compared the anaesthetic indices and vital parameters of dogs given propofol with varying analgesic combinations. Nine dogs assigned into three groups were administered Propofol 8mg (IV) combined with Diclofenac 2mg/kg IM -DP group; Tramadol 5mg/kg IM- TP group and Diclofenac 2mg/kg + Tramadol 5mg/kg IM-DTP group. Heart and respiratory rates, temperature and selected anaesthetic indices were determined over a 40-minute period. Onset and duration of analgesia were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) among groups. Onset of analgesia was D-T-P &lt; T-P &lt; D-P. Duration of analgesia was longest in the T-P group and shortest in D-P group. The duration of anaesthesia was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) among groups, however onset of drug action was not (p&gt;0.05). In conclusion, the three analgesic-propofol combinations produced anaesthesia of moderate duration. However, the T-P and D-T-P had better outcome based on their faster onset and longer duration of analgesia

Unilateral uterine torsion with a near-complete rip of the affected right horn in a parturient German shepherd bitch

Intra-parturient uterine torsion is a rare condition in bitches with multifactorial aetiologies. It is a cause of obstructive dystocia and is difficult to diagnose with most imaging techniques. Medical management of dystocia in parturient bitches with oxytocin often result in uterine rupture with severe consequences on maternal and foetal health. A three-year-old German shepherd (31kg) bitch presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria was diagnosed, after a caesarean section, with intra-parturient right horn torsion (180-degrees intracornual and 360-degrees at the ovarian end) and a near-complete rip of the affected horn from the uterine body. Before presentation, the bitch was said to have whelped three puppies but discontinued apparently due to perceived uterine inertia even when injected with three doses of oxytocin by a caregiver. The bitch’s vital signs were abnormal and reflected signs of progressive shock. Haemogram showed severe anaemia, moderate neutrophilia with left shift, normal plasma protein level and platelet counts. An ultrasound examination revealed the presence of two foetuses in-utero but un-engaged at the bitch’s birth canal. Following patient’s stabilisation, a caesarean section unveiled an empty, involuting, left uterine horn, a 180 degrees intracornual twist of the right horn (separating the foetuses into two closed compartments) and a 360 degrees torsion at the ovarian end, which severely strangulated the vessels and ligament. The affected horn, vessels, and ligament were congested. The gravid horn was nearly ripped from the uterine body at the bifurcation. The torsion was corrected, foetuses evacuated and a hemi-cornuectomy performed. The bitch’s recovery was uneventful. The diagnosis and management of obstructive dystocia is a challenge, especially in poor resource settings. The option of surgical intervention should be considered as an emergency by both pet owners and clinicians to preclude further complications, including those caused by oxytocin. Keywords: Hemi-cornuectomy, Intra-parturient, Oxytocin, Torsion, Uterin

Wild vegetable Rumex acetosa Linn.: Its ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry – A review

Rumex acetosa Linn belongs to Polygonaceae, the species is distributed worldwide (African, Asian, American and European countries). Rumex acetosa is used traditionally as vegetables and for its medicinal uses. Its diverse uses in traditional and cultural applications, have geared much research towards its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. This review intends to offer and give up-to-date knowledge cum research on its ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, reactions with other drugs, and safety concerns, so that the medicinal uses and new research trends can be recognized. Methodology The literature related to the title i.e. R. acetosa Linn was effected by a search using the keywords like “Rumex acetosa, sorrel, garden sorrel and biological activity of R. acetosa” in “Google Scholar,” “PubMed,” “ScienceDirect” “Scopus” and “Web of Science” databases. Plant taxonomy was queried by the databases “The Plant List,” and Many publications' sites were queried like Springer, Elsevier, and dissertation search engines like Open-thesis, OATD, ProQuest and EthOs were put to use. Results This study argues the huge advantages that this plant species possesses and further highlights the up-to-date knowledge of chemistry, the invitro and invivo biological studies, phytochemistry and scientific basis for the use of the plant R. acetosa. Many cultures around the world uses the leaves and aerial parts as vegetables, other parts of this medicinal plant are employed in the management of a number of ailments such as constipation, diarrhea, jaundice, mild diabetes and as an analgesic, antihypertensive, against gallbladder, liver and skin disorders and inflammation. The phytochemistry of this wild vegetable showed that over 60 compounds were reportedly isolated, these includes anthraquinones, naphthalene, polyphenols and other compounds. Furthermore, this manuscript depicts the high level of oxalic acid in R. acetosa though cooking reduces oxalic acid concentration to negligible amount