Silicone breast prosthesis explant: breast reconstruction using the crossed flap technique

Introduction: In 1963 Cronin and Gerow introduced the use of the silicone implant and its use increased exponentially. However, complications related to implants emerged over time. The set of adverse situations to the use of silicone implants fueled by the growth of social media culminated in an increase in the permanent removal of the implant. Many cases of explants have the inferior pedicle compromised by injury to the perforating vessels, and the crossed flap technique is an alternative for the reconstruction of explanted breasts. Methods: Silicone explants were performed with immediate breast reconstruction without the use of a new implant, motivated by medical indication or the patients own desire. The crossed flap technique was used in all cases. It uses the crossing of parenchymal patches of the superior pedicle, one medial and one lateral, as described by Sperli. Results: 10 cases were operated from 2004 to 2021. The time of use of the prostheses ranged from 3 to 19 years and the main motivation for the explant was capsular contracture. No cases of necrosis were observed. Conclusions: The crossed flap technique is a useful and safe alternative for breast reconstruction surgeries after definitive explantation

Breast reconstructions: an evolutionary analysis of techniques and current state of the art

Introduction: The cancer that most affects women around the world is breast cancer. If the harm that the active disease is capable of causing was not enough, after the cure, the consequences continue to torment the lives of thousands of women. Furthermore, the psychological trauma of mutilation can have psychological repercussions that are difficult to control. Mastectomy saves the life of a woman with breast cancer; however, breast loss can keep the patient sick in the biopsychosocial aspect. Rebuilding the breasts then becomes crucial in the treatment of these women. Methods: The study of the authors’ public and personal collections allowed us to discuss the artistic and technical evolution of breast reconstructions over the years. Results: Studies and reflections from plastic surgeons worldwide have enabled the standardization of a series of techniques and tools for breast reconstruction that will make up the arsenal of the modern surgeon. It includes techniques with local flaps, such as the plug flap and mammoplasty techniques, neighborhood flaps, such as the thoracodorsal flap, alloplastic materials (tissue expanders and prostheses), the numerous autologous flaps, including microsurgical flaps or, also, the combined techniques for the various types of cases. At the same time, the medical-hospital products industry has developed alloplastic materials (prostheses and expanders) that are more suitable and of better quality, which provide safer and more predictable reconstructions concerning the use of implants. Conclusion: The current state of the art in breast reconstruction finds well-founded historical pillars and advanced technological aid, providing conditions for advanced treatments

Surgical treatment of complications resulting from adjuvant radiotherapy: a case report

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among malignancies affecting women. Treatment options range from surgical treatment, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The immediate breast reconstruction helps to benefit the psychosocial aspects of patients, however, depend on the technique used a number of complications can appear, especially after adjuvant radiotherapy. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 65-year-old woman, underwent quadrantectomy and radiotherapy in 1988. In 2010, the patient presented an injury on the scar and she was referred to mastectomy with reconstruction of retail large dorsal and adjuvant radiotherapy. Upon examination, we observed flap necrosis with infection on the axillary region, lymphedema, radiodermatitis, fibroses and joint limitation. In 2014, the patient sought our service to perform a new restorative approach. A bipedicled transverse abdominal flap was decided to be adequate to her case. After surgery, the patient reported mild pain in the upper pole that managed with debridement and dressing. Seven months after surgery there was a complete healing of the flap and patient was satisfied with the surgery. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of surgical techniques associated with the correct scaling of steps are essential for surgical success and management of complications that may appear in breast reconstruction of patients undergoing radiotherapy

Breast reconstruction with creation of upper retropectoral and lower mixed subcutaneous cavities and use of flaps

Introduction: A total of 57,960 new cases of breast cancer were expected in Brazil in 2016 according to data from the National Cancer Institute, corresponding to 25% of cancers in the country (excluding non-melanoma skin tumors). This study aims at presenting a surgical approach for immediate breast reconstructions with upper retropectoral and lower mixed subcutaneous cavities. Methods: The authors performed breast reconstruction using flaps of the pectoral muscle and inferior cutaneous pedicle associated with insertion of silicone breast implants. The medical records of patients operated between 2012 and 2016 at the Plastic Surgery Service of the senior author's private clinic at Daher Hospital and Armed Forces Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The results were satisfactory, with low complication rates and high patient and author satisfaction. Thirty-six patients, with a mean age of 59 years, underwent breast reconstruction using the described technique. The complications were nipple-areola complex necrosis, dehiscence, seroma, hematoma, liponecrosis, implant displacement, and deep venous thrombosis. No patient needed salvage surgery or had recurrence of mammary neoplasia during the study period. Conclusion: The present technique preserves the skin located at the lower portion of the breast, with a low risk of dehiscence or extrusion of the implant in this region, providing a double protection of the implant, with the pectoralis major muscle in the upper two thirds and the cutaneous-dermis-fat flap in the lower third, characterizing a "dual-plane" positioning

Enxerto ósseo de olécrano para aumento do dorso nasal Olecranon bone graft for nasal dorsal augmentation

INTRODUÇÃO: O planejamento cirúrgico nas rinoplastias para tratamento do "dorso em sela" apresentou grande avanço nas últimas décadas, em decorrência do melhor manejo de enxertos e implantes. Porém, a escolha desses materiais é tema de controvérsia e debates. As forças da cicatriz no nariz com deformidades tendem a subjugar qualquer tipo de reconstrução que não seja rígida ou semirrígida. Assim, o enxerto ósseo é uma boa opção, pois é estável, apresentando boa disponibilidade e confiabilidade nos resultados estéticos. O enxerto ósseo de olécrano é de fácil coleta, tem uma única espessura do córtex, característica importante para resistir à reabsorção, além de proporcionar resultado estético estável. Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir as vantagens da utilização do enxerto ósseo de olécrano em rinoplastias e demonstrar a experiência com esse tipo de procedimento. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo e retrospectivo, sendo realizada revisão dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos a enxerto ósseo de olécrano para aumento de dorso nasal, no período de janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2010, com acompanhamento por igual período, no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Daher Lago Sul (Brasília, DF, Brasil). O controle de possível reabsorção do enxerto foi realizado com medidas antropométricas do nariz em documentação fotográfica, além de controle radiológico do enxerto. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 9 pacientes, sendo obtidos bons resultados estéticos. Em nenhum dos métodos para controle de possível reabsorção do enxerto ficou evidenciada alguma perda de projeção ou sinais de reabsorção óssea no acompanhamento com até 6 anos de pós-operatório. CONCLUSÕES: O enxerto de olécrano demonstrou ser uma boa opção para rinoplastias primárias ou secundárias, no tratamento do "dorso em sela", não tendo sido demonstrada reabsorção a longo prazo ou morbidade da área doadora, com bons resultados estéticos, previsíveis e duradouros.BACKGROUND: Rhinoplasty surgery, performed for the treatment of "saddle-back" nose, has significantly improved in the last decades due to better management of grafts and implants. However, the choice of these materials is controversial and remains a subject of discussion. Scar contracture forces in nasal deformities prevent any type of reconstruction that is not rigid or semi-rigid. Therefore, the bone graft is an appropriate choice because it is stable, available, and reliable with regard to aesthetic outcomes. The olecranon bone graft is easily harvested and has a single cortical thickness, which is essential for resisting bone resorption and for providing long-lasting cosmetic results. The aim of this study is to discuss the advantages of the olecranon bone graft in rhinoplasty and to demonstrate our experience with this procedure. METHODS: In this descriptive and retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent olecranon bone grafting for nasal dorsal augmentation between January 2000 and January 2010 and were consequently followed-up for an equivalent period, at the Plastic Surgery Service of Hospital Daher Lago Sul (Daher Lago Sul Hospital, Brasília, DF, Brazil). Possible graft resorption was monitored by anthropometric measurements of the nose with photographic documentation and graft radiological control. RESULTS: Satisfactory aesthetic results were achieved for the 9 patients who underwent surgery. According to the examinations performed to monitor possible graft resorption, projection loss or signs of bone resorption were not observed for up to 6 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The olecranon bone graft proved to be a suitable choice for primary or secondary rhinoplasty to treat "saddle-back" nose, with no long-term resorption or morbidity of the donor area observed up to this point. Moreover, the olecranon bone graft provides satisfactory, predictable, and long-lasting aesthetic results

Reconstrução mamária de resgate: a importância dos retalhos miocutâneos

INTRODUÇÃO: A reconstrução mamária pode apresentar um resultado estético insatisfatório ou complicações que comprometam o resultado final. Nesses casos, pode-se realizar a reconstrução mamária de resgate, que é definida como uma revisão completa de uma reconstrução prévia, em caso de resultado insatisfatório ou falha da primeira reconstrução. Este trabalho tem como objetivo reportar a experiência dos autores na realização da reconstrução mamária de resgate pós-mastectomia por câncer de mama. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuários de pacientes submetidas a reconstrução mamária de resgate, no período de março de 2002 a março de 2012. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 57 casos de reconstrução mamária de resgate. Com relação à cirurgia inicial, 20 foram realizadas com próteses, 16 com retalho miocutâneo do músculo reto abdominal (TRAM), 11 com expansores, 6 cirurgias conservadoras e 4 com retalho miocutâneo do músculo grande dorsal (RGD). A principal causa de falha das reconstruções foi por motivos estéticos, seguida de necrose, contratura capsular e infecção e/ou exposição de implantes. A reconstrução de resgate foi realizada em 27 pacientes com emprego de RGD (P < 0,0001), em 16, com TRAM, e em 14, com material aloplástico. Em 57,9% dos casos, o cirurgião que realizou a reconstrução de resgate não foi o cirurgião da reconstrução inicial. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das cirurgias que apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios foi realizada com materiais aloplásticos, sendo a principal causa o aspecto estético deficiente. As reconstruções de resgate foram realizadas principalmente com retalhos miocutâneos e por profissionais diferentes da primeira cirurgia. Os retalhos miocutâneos apresentam boa aplicabilidade nas reconstruções de resgate, por fornecerem tecido sadio e bem vascularizado a uma área manipulada previamente