EFFECTS OF APPROACH VELOCITY TO THE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH BODY SEGMENTS TO THE TAKE-OFF MOVEMENT IN THE LONG JUMP

INTRODUCTION Much study suggested that approach velocity gave significant effects to the long jump performance However, there are very few studies effects of approach velocity to the role or the contribution of each body segments to the take-off movement in the long Jump, which is the purpose of this study Nine male long jumpers performed the long jump of the three types, Slow jump (S 10----15m-approachrun), Medium jump (M 25----30m-approachrun), Fast jump (F full approach of their own). Their take-off motions were filmed at 200Hz with Nac high speed camera. Two dimensional coordinates were obtained by digitizing the motions with a sampling frequency of 200Hz. The data was filtered with a Butterworth digital filter(Winter 1979) at 10Hz BSP of Chandler et al. (1975) were used to estimate the segmental centers of gravity and mass center of the whole body This data used to calculate the generated momenta and impulses (horizontal, vertical) of the arms (A), trunk (T: head and trunk), free leg (F) and take-off leg (TL), using the method of Ae and Shibukawa (1980). The mean percent contribution of the segments were obtained by dividing total impulse of each segment over the take-off phase by the whole body impulse RESULTS With the regard to the horizontal direction, the body segments contribution suggested the same proportion pattern all of the three types jumps. The highest (positive) contribution was made by the trunk (S: 4155±22.5%, M36.42± 18.23%, F54.85 ± 3024%) The contribution of the arms (S -5.97±281%, M:-6.34±5.21%, F:-9.54± 6.20%), The free leg (S: -5.85±481%, M: -1603±1120%, F: -722±3.10%) and take-off leg (S:-129.73±35.59%, M -11405±48.47%, F:-138.10±6550%) were negative. Most negative contribution was made by the take-off leg As for the vertical direction, the all body segments contribution of the three types jumps showed positive contribution (S; A 4.29±262%, T 4.06±423%, FL 0.69± 2.44%, TL 90 96±7.82%, M; A 600± 1.60%, T 9.54±9.37%, FL 010±210%, TL 84.36±11.14%, F; A 10.5±3.12%, T 8.02±604%, FL: 2.88±1.01%, TL 78.60 ± 14.56%). The take-off leg showed the highest percentage contribution As the approach velocity increased, so did the contribution of the arms, while the contribution of the take-off leg decreased. CONCLUSION With regard to the horizontal direction, the body segments contribution showed the same proportion pattern in all of the three types jumps The trunk made positive contribution to horizontal velocity, the trunk made positive contribution to horizontal velocity, the other body segments made negative contribution to horizontal velocity in horizontal direction. On the other hand, as the approach velocity increased, so did the contribution of the arms, while the contribution of the take-off leg decreased. The arms and take-off leg have a mutually supportive relationship in vertical direction

THE STUDY OF THE MODEL INTERVAL TIME IN 400M HURDLE RACE FOR MEN

Introduction The purpose of this study was to calculate and evaluate the equations for the model interval time of 400m hurdle race for men. The total number of samples were 651. Interval time was defined as the time from starting point to the first touchdown after hurdling, and between each touchdown there-after. The samples were divided into 8 groups according to performance time. The performance range were 48.79- 59.45sec. 11 equations for each group were calculated from the samples. RESULTS High correlation between each interval time and performance time was obtained. the correlation coefficient between 8th i n t e r v a l t i m e and performance was the highest in particular. Performance time correlated with the 2-9th interval time in group A (48.48- 50.99,n=41). Performance time correlated with the 2,3,5th interval time in group B (51.1 3- 51.97,n=55). Performance time correlated with the 5-8th interval time in group C (52.00- 52.99,n=I 14). Performance time correlated with the 3th,8-10th interval time in group D(53.00 -53.99,n=143). Performance time correlated with the 5-8th interval time in group E (54.00- 54.98,n=126). Performance time correlated with the 6-8th interval time in group F (55.00- 55.99,n=82). Performance time correlated with the 7-8th interval time in group G (56.02- 56.94,n=32). Performance time correlated with the 8-10th interval time in group H (57.08-59.45,n=48). CONCLUSION The performance time correlated significantly with the 8th interval time in 7 groups(A,C,D,E,F,G,H). Furthermore performance time corelated with the 7th and 9th interval in 5 groups. Therefore, it is suggested that performance correlates highly with the latter half of race, especially the 8th interval. In conclusion, in order to improve overall performance, it is important to improve the performance between the 7th and the 9th interval. REFERENCES 1)Ken M1YASHITA:The study of model touchdown time for 11 Om hurdle race: RESERCH QUATERLY FOR ATHLETICS, 14,pplO-20,1993 2)Masatoshi MORITA, kouichi IGARASHI :The case study on the race of top hurdler in the world-The Ill WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS IN ATHLETICS TOKYO 1991 -: RESERCH QUATERLY FOR ATHLETICS,ll ,pp2-13,199

Successful cessation of transmitting healthcare-associated infections due to Burkholderia cepacia complex in a neonatal intensive care unit in a Japanese children's hospital

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Burkholderia cepacia </it>strains have been known to possess the capability to cause serious infections especially in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and their multi-drug resistances become a severe threat in hospital settings. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the <it>B. cepacia </it>complex infections in the NICU in Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino 399-8288, Japan, and to report the intervention leading to the successful cessation of the outbreak.</p> <p>Methodology</p> <p>The incidence of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of nosocomial <it>Burkholderia cepacia </it>complex strains during a four-year period were retrospectively examined by clinical microbiological records, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses along with the bacteriological verification of disinfectant device itself and procedures for its maintenance routinely used in the NICU.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>During the period surveyed between 2007 and 2009, only an isolate per respective year of <it>B. cepacia </it>complex was recovered from each neonate in the NICU. However, in 2010, the successive 6 <it>B. cepacia </it>complex isolates were recovered from different hospitalized neonates. Among them, an isolate was originated from peripheral blood of a neonate, apparently giving rise to systemic infection. In addition, the hospitalized neonate with bacteremia due to <it>B. cepacia </it>complex also exhibited positive cultures from repeated catheterized urine samples together with tracheal aspirate secretions. However other 5 isolates were considered as the transients or contaminants having little to do with infections. Moreover, the 5 isolates between July and October in 2010 revealed completely the same electrophoresis patterns by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses, strongly indicating that they were infected through the same medical practices, or by transmission of the same contaminant.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A small outbreak due to <it>B. cepacia </it>complex was brought about in the NICU in 2010, which appeared to be associated with the same genomovar of <it>B. cepacia </it>complex. The source or the rout of infection was unknown in spite of the repeated epidemiological investigation. It is noteworthy that no outbreak due to <it>B. cepacia </it>complex was noted in the NICU after extensive surveillance intervention.</p

Combined experimental and computational analysis of DNA damage signaling reveals context-dependent roles for Erk in apoptosis and G1/S arrest after genotoxic stress

Data-driven modeling was used to analyze the complex signaling dynamics that connect DNA repair with cell survival, cell-cycle arrest, or apoptosis. This analysis revealed an unexpected role for Erk in G1/S arrest and apoptotic cell death following doxorubicin-induced DNA damage

Evolutionary relationships among barley and <i>Arabidopsis</i> core circadian clock and clock-associated genes

The circadian clock regulates a multitude of plant developmental and metabolic processes. In crop species, it contributes significantly to plant performance and productivity and to the adaptation and geographical range over which crops can be grown. To understand the clock in barley and how it relates to the components in the Arabidopsis thaliana clock, we have performed a systematic analysis of core circadian clock and clock-associated genes in barley, Arabidopsis and another eight species including tomato, potato, a range of monocotyledonous species and the moss, Physcomitrella patens. We have identified orthologues and paralogues of Arabidopsis genes which are conserved in all species, monocot/dicot differences, species-specific differences and variation in gene copy number (e.g. gene duplications among the various species). We propose that the common ancestor of barley and Arabidopsis had two-thirds of the key clock components identified in Arabidopsis prior to the separation of the monocot/dicot groups. After this separation, multiple independent gene duplication events took place in both monocot and dicot ancestors. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00239-015-9665-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

EEG Markers in Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder-A Possible Outcome Measure for Neurofeedback: A Narrative Review.

Objectives. There is growing evidence for the use of biofeedback (BF) in affective disorders, dissocial personality disorder, and in children with histories of abuse. Electroencephalogram (EEG) markers could be used as neurofeedback in emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) management especially for those at high risk of suicide when emotionally aroused. This narrative review investigates the evidence for EEG markers in EUPD. Methods. PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct a narrative review. A structured search method was developed and implemented in collaboration with an information specialist. Studies were identified via 3 electronic database searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. A predesigned inclusion/exclusion criterion was applied to selected papers. A thematic analysis approach with 5 criteria was used. Results. From an initial long list of 5250 papers, 229 studies were identified and screened, of which 44 met at least 3 of the predesigned inclusion criteria. No research to date investigates EEG-based neurofeedback in EUPD. A number of different EEG biomarkers are identified but there is poor consistency between studies. Conclusions. The findings heterogeneity may be due to the disorder complexity and the variable EEG related parameters studied. An alternative explanation may be that there are a number of different neuromarkers, which could be clustered together with clinical symptomatology, to give new subdomains. Quantitative EEGs in particular may be helpful to identify more specific abnormalities. EEG standardization of neurofeedback protocols based on specific EEG abnormalities detected may facilitate targeted use of neurofeedback as an intervention in EUPD

Enhanced follicular delivery of finasteride to human scalp skin using heat and chemical penetration enhancers

© The Author(s) 2020. This article is an open access publication. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Purpose The aim of this work was to evaluate whether improved topical delivery of finasteride, focussed to the hair follicles of human scalp skin could be achieved with application of short durations of heat and use of specific chemical penetration enhancers. Methods Franz cell experiments with human scalp skin were performed with a range of chemical penetration enhancers at 32°C and 45°C to simulate normal and heated conditions. Selected chemical penetration enhancers were taken forward for finite dose Franz cell studies which examined the effect of heat produced by a prototype external heating system that supplied either 20 or 30 min of additional heat over both a 24 h and a 1 h time period. Results Short durations of externally applied heat significantly increased finasteride penetration into human scalp skin after 24 h. Analysis of drug distribution in the skin after 1 h and 24 h indicated that both heat and chemical penetration enhancer selection influenced drug delivery to the hair follicles. Conclusion The use of short durations of heat in combination with specific chemical penetration enhancers was able to increase the delivery of finasteride to human scalp skin and provide focussed drug delivery to the hair follicles.Peer reviewe