On asymptotic validity of naive inference with an approximate likelihood

Many statistical models have likelihoods which are intractable: it is impossible or too expensive to compute the likelihood exactly. In such settings, a common approach is to replace the likelihood with an approximation, and proceed with inference as if the approximate likelihood were the exact likelihood. In this paper, we describe conditions on the approximate likelihood which guarantee that this naive inference with an approximate likelihood has the same first-order asymptotic properties as inference with the exact likelihood. We investigate the implications of these results for inference using a Laplace approximation to the likelihood in a simple two-level latent variable model, and using reduced dependence approximations to the likelihood in an Ising model on a lattice.Comment: Updated to add an additional example (inference for an Ising model on a lattice using reduced dependence approximations to the likelihood

The storage of art on paper : a basic guide for institutions

Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-30)

Memorandum on Remedies for Violation of National Labor Relations Act, 1979

Memo about types of remedies that employers should anticipate will be sought by the General Counsel in future cases alleging violations of the National Labor Relations Act. Includes a distribution list of consultants, July 20, 1979

Memorandum on Preventing Needless Strikes, 1978

A memo sent to all consultants about how to prevent strikes, September 15, 197

On Eulerian and Lagrangean objectivity in continuum mechanics

In continuum mechanics the commonly—used definition of objectivity (or frame-indifference) of a tensor field does not distinguish between Eulerian, Lagrangean and two—point tensor fields. This paper highlights the distinction and provides a definition of objectivity which reflects the different transformation rules for Eulerian, Lagrangean and two- point tensor fields under an observer transformation. The notion of induced objectivity is introduced and its implications examined

Memorandum on Bargaining Tactics, 1979

Memo to all WCIRA consultants with 102 LRRM 1079-1080 attached discussing Arrow Molded Plastics Inc. and employee participation in illegal and unauthorized work slowdowns

Memorandum on The Use of Struksnes Polls to Test Majority Status, 1979

Memo to all consultants, presenting the ways an employer is able to determine a union\u27s majority status. May 21, 197