The Provincial Allocation System in Chinese College Entrance Examinations: A Comparative Study

The available data for the current situation of admission process were analyzed by Chinese province as one of the characteristics of the college entrance examination system in China. The analysis aims to clarify the actual situation of disparities by province, which was often pointed out in previous related studies. As a result, the following three points were identified. First, even if the same exam questions were used in highly selective universities, differences in average passing score rate can be seen among the provinces. Moreover, these differences were almost fixed and did not depend on the year. Therefore, as one of the causes, we consider that each province has differences in the education level. Second, the quota allocation did not correspond to the number of examinees in each province; therefore, the quota system itself may create a gap. This is a serious problem because this obstacle cannot be overcome by students’ efforts. Third, students of provinces that prepare their own exam questions tend to have the advantage in the selection process. Because the exam questions were created independently, it is not possible to easily compare the difficulty of the test questions with those of other provinces, which avoids some criticisms. Most of the provinces that have created their own exam questions are the advanced Chinese provinces with many universities, including highly selective and prestigious universities. These prestigious universities could be entered more easily by allocating capacity to the local students

Global Impact on College Entrance Examination Reforms in East Asia

This paper discusses the influence and relation between college examination reforms in East Asian countries and the globalization of education. The focus of this study is on China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. We do so because these countries are often grouped together, as they typically value examinations and knowledge-based education owing to their shared Confucianism background. The research findings identify that individual countries develop their own methods within their particular social background but share many common features, as revealed in the examination reform process. The driving factor for globalization in university entrance examinations is indeed the new type of competency practices in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The promotion of new PISA-type competencies into the framework of education reform can cause convergent and divergent movements. The former convergent movement concerns the content of the examination, while the latter divergence applies to the admission process.This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15H05197

School Evaluation System in China : From key school system to star grade school system

This article aims to clarify the possibility and the essence of the problem that the evaluation system brings by analyzing the actual situations in detail such as the enforcement methods of the school evaluation system of Jiangsu Province, China. The following three points have become clear as the result of the analysis. First, the new school evaluation system can be described as the dynamo of the whole school reform that rolled up all senior high schools in the province, where there has been already fixed rating system before. In fact, there seem to be a lot of senior high schools which rose in rank. The government intends to activate the whole system under this kind of competitive environment. In addition, the government encourages high rank senior high schools to makes ‘the education group’, so that, inside the group, they can raise low rank schools in the new system. Second, evaluation indexes and the end-points are concrete, and the direction of the effort for improving becomes plain in the new system. Accordingly, it becomes clear which direction the government is going to lead the whole senior high schools to. In high school side, it also becomes clear in what points they should change if an evaluation result is not admirable. Third, there is substantial gain for senior high schools in this star rating system, which, for instance, the four star senior high schools have the rights to select good scored students in the entrance examination process. It may lead to raise the school rank due to the good college entrance examination results that many students enroll in prestigious universities.本稿は，日本学術振興会「平成24～26年度科学研究費補助金（基盤研究（B）・課題番号JP24330230）（アジアにおける学校改善と教師教育改革に関する国際比較研究・研究代表者：小川佳万）の交付を受けて実施した研究成果の一部である

Higher Education Policy in South Korea: Debatable issues and stakeholders

This paper discusses controversial issues within higher education policy in South Korea. It is broadly acknowledged that educational policy reforms must balance the competing and often intersecting interests of a wide variety of stakeholders, and as a result of these dynamics controversy regularly emerges in the wake of new policy. This is evident in South Korea. If we can recognize the differences and the features of their opinions in their own context, it could be useful for us to be able to grasp the current state, the dynamism and the future direction of Korean higher education in some degrees. The paper consists of five chapters, covering recent controversial policy issues while also offering for readers some basic information regarding the key features of South Korean higher education. Chapter one discusses the ‘Part-time Lecturer Law,’ which was recently introduced to improve the treatment of early career faculty. Chapter two gives information on the college student support system, in the context of declining employment prospects for recent graduates. Chapters three and four overview the college entrance examination reform as a political issue, with which society has long been concerned. The last chapter examines the ‘National University Upbringing Business,’ which the government expects to play an important role in the development of local areas. In combination we provide an understanding of how higher education has changed through public debate, focusing on each stakeholder’s view.はしがき 小川佳万 …i 第１章 時間講師をめぐる問題と「大学時間講師法」の制定 小川佳万 …1 第２章 高等教育における若年者雇用問題への対策－中小企業就職への支援と生涯職業教育体制の構築を中心に－ 小川佳万 …17 第３章 大学入試改革における入学査定官制度の導入―「公教育の正常化」と「格差の是正」― 姜姫銀 …33 第４章 大学入試改革をめぐる葛藤と試行錯誤―文在寅政府の取組みを中心に― 姜姫銀 …55 第５章 大学統合ネットワーク論―「大学序列体制」の解体をめぐる諸論について― 姜姫銀 …7

Higher Education in South Korea: Globalization and Local Universities

This work is a handbook of current higher education in South Korea, covering recent controversial issues while offering for readers the basic information and features of higher education. Its seven chapters can be divided into two parts. The first three chapters deal with the background of Korean higher education to enable one to grasp the features of the current system. Chapter One overviews the brief history of Korean higher education since 1945, while Chapter Two gives information on the types of higher education institutions. Chapter Three discusses the college entrance examination system about with which the society has long been much concerned. These chapters provide an understanding of how the higher education has expanded to the universal level and has also faced some specific problems. The last four chapters deal with the trend of government reform which attempts to solve the problem; Chapter Four examines the specific problems of the gap in the era of the universal stage between metropolitan area universities and other local ones. Chapter Five focuses on the realities and changes of local universities which are much concerned with the gap. Chapter Six refers to several tactics of local universities such as collaboration with industry to train more local talents, and, finally, Chapter Seven deals with college evaluation issues to minimalize the size of the higher education system. These four chapters reveal that the individualization of each local university and restructuring of the higher education system are critical points for local universities to survive in the future.はしがき 小川佳万 …i 第１章 高等教育の発展 小川佳万 …1 第２章 高等教育機関の種類 小川佳万 …15 第３章 大学入学者選抜制度 姜姫銀 …25 第４章 首都圏大学と地方大学の格差 小川佳万 …45 第５章 地方大学特性化事業 姜姫銀 …57 第６章 高等教育と地域人材の育成 姜姫銀 …77 第７章 大学の構造改革 姜姫銀 …8

The Diversification Policy of Senior High School Curriculum in China : From the point of college entrance examination in Jiangsu Province

This paper discusses how ‘character education’ and ‘hole development in education,’ which are the key words of the curriculum reform of recent China, have been made the best use of the college entrance examination process of Jiangsu Province as case study. In other words, it tries to clarify where the point of the college entrance examination reform in recent years is from the point of senior high school curriculum issues. The following three points are clarified by the main discourse. First, the diversification of the curriculum means an increase of the number of subjects and an increase in the optional subjects. ‘Character education’ is to cover such diversified contents firmly although every day classes tend possibly to be biased to ‘college examination subjects’ such as ‘foreign language’ or ‘mathematics.’ It is necessary to synchronize with the college entrance examination to bear fruit, and, in fact, the number of examination subjects has been increased actually in Jiangsu Province. Secondly, it is more influential to decrease the number of the examination subjects for reducing the mental burden of students. In this sense, it is reasonable to introduce ‘integrated problem’ subject to examine students’ expression and judgment abilities as one strategy. Thirdly, it is possible to introduce interview and short essay examination as one idea if college sides try to evaluate ‘subjectivity’ valued by ‘character education.’ Although small number of universities introduce ‘independent recruitment,’ the majority do not due to the huge number of examinees. It may be true that China still emphases more wide variety of knowledge than ‘subjectivity’ and ‘expression ability.’本稿は，日本学術振興会「平成27～29年度科学研究費補助金（基盤研究（B）・課題番号JP15H05197）（アジアにおける大学入試の多様化と高大接続プログラムの標準化に関する国際比較研究・研究代表者：小川佳万）の交付を受けて実施した研究成果の一部である

Analysis of the protein profiles of the antibiotic-resistant Salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 104

The emergent Salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 104 is of particular global concern due to its frequent isolation and multiple antibiotic resistances. There is thus a need to know the kind of proteins expressed by S. typhimurium DT104 so as to provide a basis for developing an intervention. This study examined the protein profiles of a few isolates of S. typhimurium DT104 and a non-DT104 strain S. typhimurium L1388 (ST). Crude SDS-soluble whole cell and outer membrane protein (OMP) extracts revealed similar protein profiles for both phage types. A single major protein band (28.4 kDa) was observed in periplasmic fractions from both phage types. However, proteins released into growth medium was variable; one of the DT104 isolates had common proteins with the non-DT104 strain ST. Similar SDS-soluble whole cell protein profiles were observed for both phage types grown in a low-iron Medium A at 37oC; but a 38.5 kDa protein (observed in TSB-grown cells) was observed only in the temperature-tolerant DT104 isolate. The protein contents of cell-free ultracentrifuge supernatants of sonically disrupted cells of each of the DT104 isolates were significantly (P < 0.05) more than that from ST L1388, but the latter expressed a 51-kDa protein absent in the supernatants of all DT104 isolates. The higher protein content of DT104s provides possible indication of increased production of protein-like metabolites. Although the N-terminal sequence of the first twenty amino acids of the 51-kDa protein (Ala-Gln-Val-Ile-Asn-Thr-Asn-Ser-Leu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Thr-Gln-Trp-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala) showed 14-amino acid overlap and resemblance with the flagillin, FLIC, only fourteen of its 104 trypsin digests were homologous with those of FLIC. Further work is being done to characterize this protein and to investigate its potential for use as vaccine target through antigenicity tests.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (7), pp. 727-737, 200