輻射流体・輸送計算で探る超臨界降着流の観測的性質

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(理学)甲第23009号理博第4686号新制||理||1672(附属図書館)京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻(主査)教授 嶺重 慎, 教授 太田 耕司, 准教授 前田 啓一学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA

Direct measurement of ultrafast temporal wavefunctions

The large capacity and robustness of information encoding in the temporal mode of photons is important in quantum information processing, in which characterizing temporal quantum states with high usability and time resolution is essential. We propose and demonstrate a direct measurement method of temporal complex wavefunctions for weak light at a single-photon level with subpicosecond time resolution. Our direct measurement is realized by ultrafast metrology of the interference between the light under test and self-generated monochromatic reference light; no external reference light or complicated post-processing algorithms are required. Hence, this method is versatile and potentially widely applicable for temporal state characterization.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure

Methylglyoxal reduces molecular responsiveness to 4 weeks of endurance exercise in mouse plantaris muscle

Endurance exercise triggers skeletal muscle adaptations, including enhanced insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptations may not occur in some cases, a condition known as exercise-resistance. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite and has detrimental effects on the body such as causing diabetic complications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the effect of methylglyoxal on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations following endurance exercise. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 12 per group): sedentary control group, voluntary exercise group, MG-treated group, and MG-treated with voluntary exercise group. Mice in the voluntary exercise group were housed in a cage with a running wheel, while mice in the MG-treated groups received drinking water containing 1% MG. Four weeks of voluntary exercise induced several molecular adaptations in the plantaris muscle, including increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), mitochondria complex proteins, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72), hexokinase II, and glyoxalase 1; this also enhanced insulin-stimulated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and citrate synthase activity. However, these adaptations were suppressed with MG treatment. In the soleus muscle, the exercise-induced increases in the expression of TLR4, HSP72, and advanced glycation end products receptor 1 were inhibited with MG treatment. These findings suggest that MG is a factor that inhibits endurance exercise-induced molecular responses including mitochondrial adaptations, insulin signaling activation, and the upregulation of several proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose handling, and glycation in primarily fast-twitch skeletal muscle

Glycative stress and skeletal muscle dysfunctions: as an inducer of "Exercise-Resistance."

Skeletal muscle, the largest tissue in the body, is often overlooked for its role as a locomotor organ, however over the past few decades it has been revealed that it also has an important role as a metabolic organ. In recent years, its role as an endocrine organ that controls the homeostatic functions of organs throughout the body mediated by myokine secretion has come under close scrutiny. Skeletal muscle is indispensable for our daily life activities, and in order to maintain its function, it is necessary to understand the factors that deteriorate muscle function and establish a countermeasure. Glycative stress has recently received attention as a factor that impairs skeletal muscle function. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in skeletal muscle impairs contractile function and myogenic potential. Furthermore, AGEs in the blood elicit inflammatory signals through binding to RAGE (Receptor for AGEs) expressed on muscle cells, resulting in muscle proteolysis. Habitual exercise is important to mitigate the negative effects of such glycative stress on skeletal muscle. On the other hand, it is known that the beneficial effects of exercise vary among individuals. The state in which the effects of exercise are difficult to obtain is called "exercise-resistance, " and we hypothesize that glycative stress may be one of the causes of exercise-resistance. In this paper, we will discuss the possibility of glycative stress as an inducer of exercise resistance and summarize its impacts on skeletal muscle

非アルコール性脂肪性肝炎における肝細胞へのα-synucleinの蓄積と病理組織学的診断における有用性

Backgrounds: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by fat deposition, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. The diagnosis of NASH is confirmed pathologically, and hepatocyte ballooning is an important finding for definite diagnosis. Recently, α-synuclein deposition in multiple organs was reported in Parkinson’s disease. Since it was reported that α synuclein is taken up by hepatocytes via connexin 32, the expression of α-synuclein in the liver in NASH is of interest. The accumulation of α-synuclein in the liver in NASH was investigated. Immunostaining for p62, ubiquitin, and α-synuclein was performed, and the usefulness of immunostaining in pathological diagnosis was examined. Methods: Liver biopsy tissue specimens from 20 patients were evaluated. Several antibodies against α-synuclein, as well as antibodies against connexin 32, p62, and ubiquitin were used for immunohistochemical analyses. Staining results were evaluated by several pathologists with varying experience, and the diagnostic accuracy of ballooning was compared. Results: Polyclonal α-synuclein antibody, not the monoclonal antibody, reacted with eosinophilic aggregates in ballooning cells. Expression of connexin 32 in degenerating cells was also demonstrated. Antibodies against p62 and ubiquitin also reacted with some of the ballooning cells. In the pathologists’ evaluations, the highest interobserver agreement was obtained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides, followed by slides immunostained for p62 and α-synuclein, and there were cases with different results between H&E staining and immunostaining Conclusion: These results indicate the incorporation of degenerated α-synuclein into ballooning cells, suggesting the involvement of α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of NASH. The combination of immunostaining including polyclonal α-synuclein may contribute to improving the diagnosis of NASH

The changes of Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) and EEG in the patients undergoing hemodialysis

AEP (Auditory Evoked Potential) and EEG were studied with 20 patients undergoing hemodialysis (dialyzed group, 41~65 y. o.), consisted of non-diabetic group (13 with chronic glomerulonephritis) and diabetic group (7 with diabetic nephropathy), comparing with those of 20 healthy subjects (normal group, 38~66 y. o.). EEGs containing AEPs evoked by click stimulation were recorded with 1024 msec of analysis time through the two derivations (3 CH : Cz→A1+2 and 6CH : Cz→T5). The group-mean AEPs were obtained with each group, and compared with each other, and then the differences of latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the components were tested statistically between the groups. The EEGs were subjected to the quantitative frequency analysis. Correlation coefficients were tested statistically between the latencies, peak-to-peak amplitudes of AEP components and EEG power %, and between those and blood data. The following results were obtained. 1. The waveforms of group-mean AEP of normal group had hexaphasic contour, consisted of components P1~8 and N1~8, including the prominent negative peak N4 and positive peak P5, within 600 msec of latency. 2. The group-mean AEP of non-diabetic group had similar contour to that of normal group. Latencies of the components were significantly longer except for that of P5, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were mostly larger, than those of normal group. 3. The group-mean AEP of diabetic group had also similar contour to that of normal group, but the prominent negative peak was N3. Latencies of the components were significantly longer except for that of P5, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were smaller, than those of normal group. 4. The latencies of the diabetic group were significantly shorter, and the peak-to-peak amplitudes were also smaller, than those of non-diabetic group. 5. Quantitative frequency analysis of EEG resulted in significant decrease of α2 power% and increase of β1 power % in non-diabetic group, and significant decrease of β1 power % in diabetic group. 6. Positive correlation was found between δ power % of EEG and the latencies of long-latency components of AEP, and negative correlation between α1, α2, β2 power % and the latencies of middle-long-latency components. Between peak-to-peak amplitudes of AEP, negative correlation was found with δ power %, and positive correlation with β1 power %. 7. Between AEP-latencies, the positive correlation was found with Cr (creatinine) and K (potassium), negative correlation with P (phosphorus). Between AEP-amplitudes, positive correlation was found with BUN and P, and negative correlation with Cr and calcium. These results were considered to be attributed to the more prominent inhibition of GABA-inhibitory system in gray matter in non-diabetics, and to severe disturbances in both white and gray matter in diabetics, reflecting antagonistic influences from pathological condition between non-diabetics (uremia) and diabetic nephropathy

Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) and EEG in patients undergoing hemodialysis

The CNS (Central Nervous System) of 20 patients undergoing hemodialysis (dialyzed group, 38~65 y. o.) were studied by VEP (Visual Evoked Potential) comparing with 20 healthy subjects (normal group, 38~66 y. o.). The 20 patients were divided into non-diabetic group of 14 with chronic gromerulonephritis and diabetic group of 6 with diabetic nephropathy. EEGs containing VEPs evoked by flash stimuli once every 5 second were recorded by 100 sweeps with 1024 msec of analysis time, simultaneously through the two derivations (2CH : O1→A1+2 and 5CH : O1→Cz). The EEGs were subjected to the quantitative frequency analysis. These data of VEP were examined between these subject groups, with reference to the EEG and the blood data. The following results were obtained. 1 The waveforms of group mean VEP of normal group, dialyzed group and non-diabetic group had triphasic contour containing dominant components of N3, P6, N8 (2CH) or N3, P5, N8 (5CH), but that of diabetic group severely deteriorated and lost the contour. 2 In dialyzed group and non-diabetic group, latencies of early components (P1-P3) were longer and peak-to-peak amplitudes of late components were larger than those of normal group significantly. 3 Latencies of early components were longer in the ascending order normal group, non-diabetic group and diabetic group, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were smaller in the ascending order non-diabetic group, normal group and diabetic group. 4 Quantitative frequency analysis of EEG indicated that the peak frequency of α waves of dialyzed group and non-diabetic group were smaller, and θ power % of diabetic group were smaller than that of normal group. 5 From the correlation coefficients between the EEG power% and the latencies or the amplitudes of each compenent of VEP, δ power % correlated significantly with the latencies of middle and long latency components in 2CH and those of long latency in 5CH positively. β1 power % correlated significantly with peak-to-peak amplitude of long latency components in 5CH positively. 6 BUN and potassium correlated positively with latencies of early components. BUN correlated positively with peak-to-peak amplitudes. Hemoglobin correlated negatively with latencies. 7 These results indicte that the CNS of diabetic group was disturbed more severely than dialyzed group and non-diabetic group in VEP and EEG, and the inhibitory system (GABA) of optic center cortex related to late components was disturbed first

Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SEP) and EEG of patients undergoing hemodialysis

The SEP (Somatosensory Evoked Potential) and EEG were studied with 19 patients undergoing hemodialysis (dialyzed group, 41~65 y. o.), consisted of non-diabetic group (13 patients with chronic gromerulonephritis) and diabetic group (6 patients with diabetic nephropathy), comparing with those of 20 healthy subjects (normal group, 38~66 y. o.). EEGs containing SEPs evoked by median nerve stimulation were recorded with 1024 msec of analysis time through the two derivations (1CH : C3'→F3' and 4CH : C3'→A1+2). The group-mean SEPs were obtained with each group, and compared with each other, and then the differences of latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the components were tested statistically between the groups. The EEGs were subjected to the quantitative frequency analysis. Correlation coefficients were tested between the latencies, peak-to-peak amplitudes and EEG power %, and between the latencies, peak-to-peak amplitudes and blood data. The following results were obtained. 1. The waveforms of group-mean SEP of normal group and non-diabetic group had hexaphasic contour, consisted of the components Pl~8, N1~8. But, in that of diabetic group the contour deteriorated at around the long latency components. 2. The latencies were longer in the ascending order normal group, non-diabetic group and diabetic group, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were larger in the ascending order diabetic group, normal group and non-diabetic group. 3. In the SEP of non-diabetic group, latencies were increased and amplitudes were decreased. 4. In the SEP of diabetic group, latencies were increased more than those of non-diabetic group, and amplitudes were decreased. 5. Quantitative frequency analysis of EEG, indicated decreased peak frequency of α waves in non-diabetic group, and decreased peak frequency of α waves and increased δ, θ waves in diabetic group, more than those in normal group. 6. The correlation coefficients of EEG power % between SEP-latencies indicated increased latencies due to decreased fast waves and increased slow waves, and those between SEP peak-to-peak amplitudes indicated increased amplitudes due to increased fast waves and decreased slow waves. 7. Between SEP-latencies, negative correlation was found with blood K, Ca, BUN, and positive correlation with dialyzed period (years), and between SEP-amplitudes, negative correlation with creatinin, Ca, hemogrobin, and positive correlation with BUN. These results were attributed to more marked disturbances of GABA-inhibitory system in gray matter together with white matter in non-diabetics, and to severe disturbances of the central nervous system in both of gray and white matter in diabetics