Heterotopic Ossification: A Comprehensive Review

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair process gone awry and is a common complication of trauma and surgery. This comprehensive review seeks to synthesize the clinical, pathoetiologic, and basic biologic features of HO, including nongenetic and genetic forms. First, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathologic diagnosis, and current methods of treatment are discussed. Next, current concepts regarding the mechanistic bases for HO are discussed, including the putative cell types responsible for HO formation, the inflammatory milieu and other prerequisite “niche” factors for HO initiation and propagation, and currently available animal models for the study of HO of this common and potentially devastating condition. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149244/1/jbm410172_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149244/2/jbm410172.pd

Improved Trabecular Bone Structure of 20-Month-Old Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

A few clinical studies have reported that elderly male participants with hypertensive disease frequently have higher BMD than the normotensive participants at several skeletal sites. The detailed mechanism is still unknown; therefore a study of bone structure and density using the hypertensive animal models could be informative. We used micro-computed tomography (μCT) to quantitatively evaluate the tibial and 3(rd) lumbar vertebral bones in the 20-month-old male spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). The BMD, volume fraction, and the microarchitecture changes of the SHR were compared to those of same-age normotensive controls (Wistar-Kyoto rat, WKY). We found that in the very old (20-month) male rats, the trabecular bone fraction and microstructure were higher than those in the same-age normotensive controls. The observation of the association of hypertension with BMD and bone strength in hypertensive rats warrants further investigations of bone mass and strength in elderly males with hypertension