2,128 research outputs found

    A consistent approximation scheme beyond RPA for bosons

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    In this paper, we develop a consistent extension of RPA for bosonic systems. In order to illustrate the method, we consider the case of the anharmonic oscillator. We compare our results with those obtained in mean-field and standard RPA approaches, with the exact ones and show that they are very close to the exact ones.Comment: 19 pages, Latex, 1 figure, accepted version in EPJ

    Observations and simulation of intense convection embedded in a warm conveyor belt – how ambient vertical wind shear determines the dynamical impact

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    Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are dynamically important, strongly ascending and mostly stratiform cloud-forming airstreams in extratropical cyclones. Despite the predominantly stratiform character of the WCB\u27s large-scale cloud band, convective clouds can be embedded in it. This embedded convection leads to a heterogeneously structured cloud band with locally enhanced hydrometeor content, intense surface precipitation and substantial amounts of graupel in the middle troposhere. Recent studies showed that embedded convection forms dynamically relevant quasi-horizontal potential vorticity (PV) dipoles in the upper troposphere. Thereby one pole can reach strongly negative PV values associated with inertial or symmetric instability near the upper-level PV waveguide, where it can interact with and modify the upper-level jet. This study analyses the characteristics of embedded convection in the WCB of cyclone Sanchez based on WCB online trajectories from a convection-permitting simulation and airborne radar observations during the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact EXperiment (NAWDEX) field campaign (IOPs 10 and 11). In the first part, we present the radar reflectivity structure of the WCB and corroborate its heterogeneous cloud structure and the occurrence of embedded convection. Radar observations in three different sub-regions of the WCB cloud band reveal the differing intensity of its embedded convection, which is qualitatively confirmed by the ascent rates of the online WCB trajectories. The detailed ascent behaviour of the WCB trajectories reveals that very intense convection with ascent rates of 600 hPa in 30–60 min occurs, in addition to comparatively moderate convection with slower ascent velocities as reported in previous case studies. In the second part of this study, a systematic Lagrangian composite analysis based on online trajectories for two sub-categories of WCB-embedded convection – moderate and intense convection – is performed. Composites of the cloud and precipitation structure confirm the large influence of embedded convection: Intense convection produces locally very intense surface precipitation with peak values exceeding 6 mm in 15 minutes and large amounts of graupel of up to 2.8 g kg−1^{−1} in the middle troposphere (compared to 3.9 mm and 1.0 g kg−2^{−2} for the moderate convective WCB sub-category). In the upper troposphere, both convective WCB trajectory sub-categories form a small-scale and weak PV dipole, with one pole reaching weakly negative PV values. However, for this WCB case study – in contrast to previous case studies reporting convective PV dipoles in the WCB ascent region with the negative PV pole near the upper-level jet – the negative PV pole is located east of the convective ascent region, i.e., away from the upper-level jet. Moreover, the PV dipole formed by the intense convective WCB trajectories is weaker and has a smaller horizontal and vertical extent compared to a previous NAWDEX case study of WCB-embedded convection, despite faster ascent rates in this case. The absence of a strong upper-level jet and the weak vertical shear of the ambient wind in cyclone Sanchez are accountable for the weak diabatic PV modification in the upper troposphere. This implies that the strength of embedded convection alone is not a reliable measure for the effect of embedded convection on upper-level PV modification and its impact on the upper-level jet. Instead, the profile of vertical wind shear and the alignment of embedded convection with a strong upper-level jet play a key role for the formation of coherent negative PV features near the jet. Finally, these results highlight the large case-to-case variability of embedded convection not only in terms of frequency and intensity of embedded convection in WCBs but also in terms of its dynamical implications

    Transition to Mach reflexion of shock waves in steady and pseudosteady flow with and without relaxation

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    Experiments were conducted in the free-piston shock tube and shock tunnel with dissociating nitrogen and carbon dioxide, ionizing argon and frozen argon to measure the transition condition in pseudosteady and steady flow. The transition condition in the steady flow, in which the wall was eliminated by symmetry, agrees with the calculated von Neumann condition. In the real gases this calculation assumed thermo-dynamic equilibrium after the reflected shock. In the pseudosteady flow of reflexion from a wedge the measured transition angle lies on the Mach-reflexion side of the calculated detachment condition by an amount which may be explained in terms of the displacement effect of the boundary layer on the wedge surface. A single criterion based on the availability of a length scale at the reflexion point explains the difference between the pseudosteady and steady flow transition condition and predicts a hysteresis effect in the transition angle when the shock angle is varied during steady flow. No significant effects on the transition condition due to finite relaxation length could be detected. However, new experiments in which interesting relaxation effects should be evident are suggested

    Measures for a sustainable energy supply in the field of mobility. Summary

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    Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Signs and Symptoms, Neural Mechanisms, Positron Emission Tomography, and Therapeutic Interventions

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    Parkinson's disease is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative brain diseases. Its time course is slow and is characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic and other brainstem neurons resulting in malfunctioning of the cerebral neuronal systems responsible for motor functions. The clinical signs are slowness of movement, muscle rigidity and rest-tremor amongst other features. The cause of the disease is unknown, but recently involvement of genetic factors is being researched. Positron emission tomography (PET) allows in vivo determination of striatai dopaminergic activity. This has increased our insight in the pathophysiology of the disease and permits direct study of disease progression at a biochemical level and equally to monitor whether potential neuroprotective interventions are indeed effective. Thus far no drug has emerged but promising substances are currently being studied

    Untersuchung neuroprotektiver Effekte von RadikalfÀngern in Tiermodellen des Morbus Parkinson

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    Im Fluorogold/6-OHDA-Ratten-Modell (FG/6-OHDA) und dem MPTP-Maus-Modell des idiopathischen Parkinsonsyndroms (IPS) sollten in der vorgelegten Studie die RadikalfĂ€nger SalicylsĂ€ure (SS), alpha-Phenyl-N-Tert-Butyl Nitron (PBN) und TroloxÂź Methyl Ether (Trolox) auf ihre neuroprotektive Wirkung untersucht werden. Ziel der Arbeit war es die potenziell protektiven Effekte der Substanzen auf den striatalen Dopamingehalt, die Dopaminumsatzrate, die Anzahl nigraler Tyrosinhydroxylase-immunreaktiver (TH-ir) Neurone und im FG/6-OHDA-Modell auf die Anzahl nigraler Fluorogold-positiver (FG-p) Neurone sowie im MPTP-Modell auf die lokomotorische AktivitĂ€t der MĂ€use zu erfassen. Anhand der genannten Parameter konnte nach unilateral durchgefĂŒhrter intrastriataler In-jektion von 6-OHDA eine signifikante ipsilaterale LĂ€sion nigraler dopaminerger Neurone mit konsekutiv signifikant verĂ€nderten neurochemischen Parametern erhoben werden. SS zeigte bis auf einen tendenziell positiven Effekt auf die Verminderung FG-p Neurone und den striatalen Dopamingehalt keinen schĂŒtzenden Einfluss auf die durch 6-OHDA hervorgerufenen VerĂ€nderungen. Bei mit 10mg/kg KG niedrig dosierter Langzeitbehandlung (2 Wochen pre und 4 Wochen post laesionem; i.p.) im Vergleich zu Studien im MPTP-Modell der Maus mit 5 - 10-facher Dosis der SS, welche einen signifikant protektiven Effekt beschrieben (Aubin et al. 1998), wurde auch fĂŒr das 6-OHDA-Modell eine neuroprotektive Wirkung in diesem Dosierungsbereich postuliert, zumal die LĂ€sionseffekte so ausgeprĂ€gt waren, dass es möglich er-scheint, dass sich die gesehenen tendenziellen Effekte bei unter diesen Voraussetzungen zu geringer Fallzahl nicht signifikant abzeichneten. Dies bleibt durch weitere Studien zu beweisen. Hingewiesen wurde auf die zu erwartenden gastrointestinalen Nebenwirkungen bei chronischer Therapie mit SalicylsĂ€ure im Hochdosisbereich. PBN wurde im FG/6-OHDA-Modell niedrig- und hochdosiert 2 Wochen vor und 4 Wochen nach LĂ€sion verabreicht. Auf sĂ€mtliche bestimmte Parameter konnte mit beiden Dosierungen kein signifikant neuroprotektiver Effekt erhoben werden. Eine durch 150 mg PBN signifikant verminderte Anzahl nigraler TH-ir Neurone, welche sich tendenziell in der Anzahl FG-p Neurone, allerdings nicht auf neurochemischer Ebene widerspiegelte, ließ sogar einen dosisabhĂ€ngigen neurotoxischen Effekt in höherer Dosierung vermuten. Entscheidend scheint die lange Behandlungsdauer im Vergleich zu anderen tierexperimentellen Studien im selben Dosierungsbereich, da hier bisher kein toxischer Effekt auf behavioraler Ebene beschrieben wurde. Morphologische Parameter wurden in diesen Arbeiten nicht erhoben. Dies spricht gegen eine neuroprotektive Therapie beim Menschen, da diese am ehesten in Form einer Langzeitbehandlung durchgefĂŒhrt wĂŒrde. Eine Stimulation der Dopaminsynthese durch PBN in den residualen nigrostriatalen Neuronen wurde bei fehlender gleichzeitiger Verminderung des striatalen Dopamingehaltes diskutiert. Die einmalige subcutane Applikation von 30 mg/kg KG MPTP fĂŒhrte ebenfalls zu einem signifikanten RĂŒckgang nigraler dopaminerger TH-ir Neurone, welcher sich wiederum signifikant auf die bestimmten neurochemischen und behavioralen Parameter auswirkte. Das fettlösliche Vitamin E Derivat TroloxÂź wurde in hoher und niedriger Dosierung im MPTP-Maus-Modell mittels einmaliger Gabe s.c. unmittelbar vor Applikation des Toxins getestet. Bis auf eine signifikante Senkung der postlĂ€sionell erhöhten Umsatzrate des Dopamins unter Behandlung mit 300 mg/kg KG TroloxÂź zeigte sich kein signifikant positiver Effekt auf sĂ€mtliche Parameter. Bemerkens-werterweise kamen allerdings die Daten fĂŒr sĂ€mtliche Parameter der geschĂ€digten Tiere in der Reihenfolge Trolox 300 > Trolox 100 > NaCl zu liegen, was eine dosisabhĂ€ngige Wirkung vermuten und die DurchfĂŒhrung weiterer Studien mit höher dosiertem Trolox erfolgversprechend erscheinen lĂ€sst, zumal unter den angewandten Dosierungen keine unerwĂŒnschten Wirkungen bei den Tieren zu beobachten waren. DarĂŒber hinaus stellten sich auch in diesem Versuch die LĂ€sionseffekte so ausgeprĂ€gt dar, dass sich die gesehenen tendenziellen Effekte bei grĂ¶ĂŸerer Fallzahl möglicherweise signifikant abzeichnen wĂŒrden. Zusammenfassend lĂ€sst sich sagen, dass ein neuroprotektiver Effekt von Trolox und SalicylsĂ€ure in höherer als in der hier verwendeten Dosierung oder bei grĂ¶ĂŸerer Fallzahl möglich erscheint. Des weiteren erscheint die Kombination eines wasser-lös-lichen mit einem fettlöslichen Antioxidanz mit differierendem Wirkort und möglicher Addition/Potenzierung der neuroprotektiven Effekte erfolgversprechend. PBN erwies sich im 6-OHDA-Modell der Ratte als nicht neuroprotektiv. Es zeigte in höherer Dosierung sogar neurotoxische Effekte, was insbesondere fĂŒr Langzeitbehandlungen, wie sie beim Menschen im Falle einer chronisch neurodegenerativen Erkrankung Anwendung finden wĂŒrde, Relevanz hat und in Folge-Studien nĂ€her spezifiziert werden sollte

    Optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: potential advantages for individualized monitoring of progression and therapy

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    Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are mostly relapsing inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Optic neuritis (ON) is the first NMOSD-related clinical event in 55% of the patients, which causes damage to the optic nerve and leads to visual impairment. Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a promising method for diagnosis of NMOSD and potential individual monitoring of disease course and severity. OCT not only detects damage to the afferent visual system caused by ON but potentially also NMOSD-specific intraretinal pathology, i.e. astrocytopathy. This article summarizes retinal involvement in NMOSD and reviews OCT methods that could be used now and in the future, for differential diagnosis, for monitoring of disease course, and in clinical trials

    Mobile intraoperative CT-assisted frameless stereotactic biopsies achieved single-millimeter trajectory accuracy for deep-seated brain lesions in a sample of 7 patients

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    BACKGROUND Brain biopsies are crucial diagnostic interventions, providing valuable information for treatment and prognosis, but largely depend on a high accuracy and precision. We hypothesized that through the combination of neuronavigation-based frameless stereotaxy and MRI-guided trajectory planning with intraoperative CT examination using a mobile unit, one can achieve a seamlessly integrated approach yielding optimal target accuracy. METHODS We analyzed a total of 7 stereotactic biopsy trajectories for a variety of deep-seated locations and different patient positions. After rigid head fixation, an intraoperative pre-procedural scan using a mobile CT unit was performed for automatic image fusion with the planning MRI images and a peri-procedural scan with the biopsy cannula in situ for verification of the definite target position. We then evaluated the radial trajectory error. RESULTS Intraoperative scanning, surgery, computerized merging of MRI and CT images as well as trajectory planning were feasible without difficulties and safe in all cases. We achieved a radial trajectory deviation of 0.97 ± 0.39 mm at a trajectory length of 60 ± 12.3 mm (mean ± standard deviation). Repositioning of the biopsy cannula due to inaccurate targeting was not required. CONCLUSION Intraoperative verification using a mobile CT unit in combination with frameless neuronavigation-guided stereotaxy and pre-operative MRI-based trajectory planning was feasible, safe and highly accurate. The setting enabled single-millimeter accuracy for deep-seated brain lesions and direct detection of intraoperative complications, did not depend on a dedicated operating room and was seamlessly integrated into common stereotactic procedures

    Elements of a Strategy for a Sustainable Energy Supply. Summary

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    Thermonuclear fusion. Summary

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