A new proposal to guide velocity and inclination in the ramp protocol for the treadmill ergometer

OBJECTIVE: To suggest criteria to guide protocol prescription in ramp treadmill testing, according to sex and age, based on velocity, inclination, and max VO2 reached by the population studied. METHODS: Prospective study describing heart rate (HR), time, velocity, inclination, and VO2 estimated at maximum effort of 1840 individuals from 4 to 79 years old, who performed a treadmill test (TT) according to the ramp protocol. A paired Student t test was used to assess the difference between predicted and reached max VO2, calculated according to the formulas of the "American College of Sports Medicine". RESULTS: Submaximal HR was surpassed in 90.1% of the examinations, with a mean time of 10.0±2.0 minute. Initial and peak inclination velocity of the exercise and max VO2 were inversely proportional to age and were greater in male patients. Predicted Max VO2 was significantly lower than that reached in all patients, except for female children and adolescents (age < 20 years old). CONCLUSION: Use of velocity, inclination, and maximum VO2 actually reached, as a criterion in prescribing the ramp protocol may help in the performance of exercise in treadmill testing. The ramp protocol was well accepted in all age groups and sexes with exercise time within the programmed 8 to 12 minutes

Exercise test in elderly

It has been happening an important change in the world population with increasing number of older people, life expectancy and prevalence of chronic diseases mainly the cardiovascular disorders. To manage this condition is important to have efficient methods of diagnosis and cardiovascular prevention. Aging promotes physiologic changes which influence the normal parameters of the tests. It may also alter the associated enfermities and the wishes of the patients for less invasive procedures. To update the bibliography about treadmill test in the elderly, the research was carried out with the keywords: "exercise test", "treadmill stress test X elderly" and "aged" on the Medline, SciELO and Lilacs. Authors which have evaluated older patients during the test showed the efficacy and security of this method as well as its indication. The examination should be applied to clinical evaluation and mainly evaluation of the functional capacity, with important prognostic value.</p

Avaliação ecocardiográfica em obesos graves assintomáticos Echocardiography evaluation for asymptomatic patients with severe obesity

OBJETIVO: Estudar a função sistólica e diastólica por meio da ecocardiografia Doppler em pacientes assintomáticos com obesidade grave. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, por meio de ecocardiograma transtorácico, 30 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bariátrica, com IMC médio de 49,2±8,8 kg/m², sem história de cardiopatia prévia. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento de câmaras esquerdas em 42,9% da amostra, disfunção diastólica em 54,6%, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em 82,1%, com padrão geométrico do tipo hipertrofia excêntrica em metade dos casos. A indexação da massa ventricular esquerda com a altura diagnosticou significativamente mais hipertrofia do que a indexação com a superfície corpórea (p = 0,0053), sendo esse índice mais apropriado para determinação de hipertrofia ventricular em obesos. Correlações entre hipertrofia ventricular esquerda com tempo de obesidade e níveis pressóricos foram positivas, bem como correlações entre o índice de massa corpórea e indicadores de disfunção diastólica. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou que o ecocardiograma, realizado em portadores de obesidade grave assintomáticos, revelou alterações cardíacas estruturais comuns na miocardiopatia da obesidade, que podem associar-se ao desenvolvimento de insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e morte súbita, possibilitando a identificação de pacientes sob maior risco cardiovascular.OBJECTIVE: To study the systolic and diastolic function of asymptomatic patients with severe obesity using a Doppler echocardiography. METHODS: Thirty candidates for bariatric surgery, with an average BMI of 49.2 ± 8.8 Kg/m² and no previous history of heart disease were evaluated through transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Enlarged left chambers were observed in 42.9% of the sample, diastolic dysfunction in 54.6% and left ventricular hypertrophy in 82.1%, of which 50% of the cases presented the geometric pattern of eccentric hypertrophy. Indexation of left ventricular mass to height resulted in a significantly higher number of diagnoses for hypertrophy than indexation to body surface area (p = 0.0053), demonstrating that this index is more appropriate to determine ventricular hypertrophy in obese people. Correlations between left ventricular hypertrophy with obesity duration and pressure levels were positive as well as correlations between body mass index and diastolic dysfunction indicators. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that echocardiograms performed on asymptomatic severely obese patients can detect alterations in the cardiac structure that are common in cases of obesity cardiomyopathy and can be associated with the development of heart failure, arrhythmias and sudden death, enabling the identification of patients with greater cardiovascular risk