4 research outputs found
Aggregations of the sandy-beach isopod, Tylos granulatus: adaptation or incidental-effect?
Spatial aggregations of organisms are common in nature. Aggregations have often been thought to play important roles in mate-finding, predator avoidance, reduction of water loss, or the acquisition of food and other resources, yet few empirical studies have been done on the processes that lead to aggregation We studied aggregations of the giant isopod Tylos granulatus, which lives as a scavenger in the intertidal zone of sandy beaches on the west coast of South Africa. Individuals emerge with the receding tide leaving exit holes, then forage for about two hours before returning to the vicinity of the high-water mark where they aggregate to bury themselves, leaving behind cone-shaped mounds. Our observations showed there was no correlation between aggregations and the availability of food, and that manipulating the position of food had no effect on the aggregations. Reproduction, which is seasonal and synchronous, also seems unlikely to explain the year-round aggregations. Experiments showed T. granulatus preferentially burrows in existing holes or mounds rather than creating new ones. The advantages of this are analysed in terms of energy conservation, and as a means of reducing risks of exposure to predators or being swept away by the incoming tide. Whatever the benefit, the preferential use of existing holes can incidentally lead to aggregation, which may not itself have any adaptive function
Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls - 1964
Dat daar in minder as tien jaar byna tien oplaes van die Afrikaanse Woordelys en SpelreĂ«ls die lig gesien het, is wel ân bewys dat daar in diĂ© tydperk ân groot vraag na hierdie publikasie was en dat dit in ân belangrike behoefte voorsien het. Dit getuig ook van toenemende belangstelling in en bestudering van ons taal en lĂȘ andersyds ân verphgting op die Taalkommissie om na vermoĂ« die nodige leiding op die gebied van die spelling en skryfwyse te probeer gee. âHierdie druk van die Akademie se Woordelys en SpelreĂ«ls verskil aansienlik van die vorige uitgawes, hoewel die spellingbeleid en grondbeginsels feitlik ongewysig gebly hetâ. So het dit tien jaar gelede in die Voorwoord by die vorige (sesde) uitgawe gelui. Dit geld ook van hierdie druk, want die beskaafde Afrikaanse uitspraak, die beginsel van gelykvormigheid en aansluiting by die Nederlandse skryf- en spellingtradisie bly nog steeds as grondbeginsels gehandhaaf, en aan die strekking van die spelreĂ«ls self is niks wesenliks verander nie. Maar die taal het self, soos elke jong, lewendige taal, ontwikkel en verander en daardeur nuwe eise aan sy beoefenaars gestel. Daarmee moes die Taalkommissie uiteraard rekening hou â vandaar enkele nuwighede in die stof en die behandelingswyse daarvan in hierdie uitgawe. Daarvan word kortliks hieronder rekenskap gegee