Mizoroki–Heck reactions catalyzed by palladium dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes under mild reaction conditions : the importance of ligand composition on the catalytic activity

Dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium with the general formula [(P{(NC5H10)3−n(C6H11)n})2Pd(Cl)2] (where n=0-2) are easily accessible, cheap and air stable, highly active and universally applicable C–C cross-coupling catalysts, which exhibit an excellent functional group tolerance. The ligand composition of amine-substituted phosphines (controlled by the number of P–N bonds) was found to effectively determine their catalytic activity in the Heck reaction, for which nanoparticles were demonstrated to be their catalytically active form. While dichloro{bis[1,1′,1′′-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium (1), the least stable complex (towards protons) within the series of [(P{(NC5H10)3−n(C6H11)n})2Pd(Cl)2] (where n=0-3), is a highly active Heck catalyst at 100°C and, hence, a rare example of an effective and versatile Heck catalyst that efficiently operates under mild reaction conditions (100 °C or below), a significant successive drop in activity was noticed for dichloro-bis(1,1′-(cyclohexylphosphinediyl)dipiperidine)palladium (2, with n=1), dichloro-bis(1-(dicyclohexylphosphinyl)piperidine)palladium (3, with n=2) and dichloro-bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)palladium (4, with n=3), of which the latter is essentially inactive (at least under the reaction conditions applied). This trend was explained by the successively increasing complex stability and its ensuing retarding effect on the (water-induced) generation of palladium nanoparticles thereof. This interpretation was experimentally confirmed (initial reductions of 1-4 into palladium(0) complexes of the type [Pd(P{(NC5H10)3−n(C6H11)n})2] (where n=0-3) were excluded to be the reason for the activity difference observed as well as molecular (Pd0/PdII) mechanisms were excluded to be operative) and thus demonstrates that the catalytic activity of dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium can – in reactions where nanoparticles are involved – effectively be controlled by the number of P–N bonds in the ligand system

Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium under mild reaction conditions

Dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium with the general formula of [(P{(NC5H10)3-n(C6H11)n})2Pd(Cl)2] (where n = 0-2), belong to a new family of easy accessible, very cheap, and air stable, but highly active and universally applicable C-C cross-coupling catalysts with an excellent functional group tolerance. Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium [(P(NC5H10)3)2Pd(Cl)2] (1), the least stable complex within this series towards protons; e.g. in the form of water, allows an eased nanoparticle formation and hence, proved to be the most active Heck catalyst within this series at 100°C and is a very rare example of an effective and versatile catalyst system that efficiently operates under mild reaction conditions. Rapid and complete catalyst degradation under work-up conditions into phosphonates, piperidinium salts and other, palladium-containing decomposition products assure an easy separation of the coupling products from catalyst and ligands. The facile, cheap, and rapid synthesis of 1,1',1"-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine and 1 respectively, the simple and convenient use as well as its excellent catalytic performance in the Heck reaction at 100°C make 1 to one of the most attractive and greenest Heck catalysts available. We provide here the visualized protocols for the ligand and catalyst syntheses as well as the reaction protocol for Heck reactions performed at 10 mmol scale at 100°C and show that this catalyst is suitable for its use in organic syntheses

Cyanation of aryl bromides with K4[Fe(CN)6] catalyzed by Dichloro[bis{1-(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)piperidine}]palladium, a molecular source of nanoparticles, and the reactions involved in the catalyst-deactivation processes

Dichloro[bis{1-(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)piperidine}]palladium [(P{(NC(5)H(10))(C(6)H(11))(2)})(2)PdCl(2)] (1) is a highly active and generally applicable C-C cross-coupling catalyst. Apart from its high catalytic activity in Suzuki, Heck, and Negishi reactions, compound 1 also efficiently converted various electronically activated, nonactivated, and deactivated aryl bromides, which may contain fluoride atoms, trifluoromethane groups, nitriles, acetals, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, esters, amides, as well as heterocyclic aryl bromides, such as pyridines and their derivatives, or thiophenes into their respective aromatic nitriles with K(4)[Fe(CN)(6)] as a cyanating agent within 24 h in NMP at 140°C in the presence of only 0.05 mol % catalyst. Catalyst-deactivation processes showed that excess cyanide efficiently affected the molecular mechanisms as well as inhibited the catalysis when nanoparticles were involved, owing to the formation of inactive cyanide complexes, such as [Pd(CN)(4)](2-), [(CN)(3)Pd(H)](2-), and [(CN)(3)Pd(Ar)](2-). Thus, the choice of cyanating agent is crucial for the success of the reaction because there is a sharp balance between the rate of cyanide production, efficient product formation, and catalyst poisoning. For example, whereas no product formation was obtained when cyanation reactions were examined with Zn(CN)(2) as the cyanating agent, aromatic nitriles were smoothly formed when hexacyanoferrate(II) was used instead. The reason for this striking difference in reactivity was due to the higher stability of hexacyanoferrate(II), which led to a lower rate of cyanide production, and hence, prevented catalyst-deactivation processes. This pathway was confirmed by the colorimetric detection of cyanides: whereas the conversion of β-solvato-α-cyanocobyrinic acid heptamethyl ester into dicyanocobyrinic acid heptamethyl ester indicated that the cyanide production of Zn(CN)(2) proceeded at 25°C in NMP, reaction temperatures of >100°C were required for cyanide production with K(4)[Fe(CN)(6)]. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that palladium nanoparticles were the catalytically active form of compound 1

Access to 2-aminopyridines : compounds of great biological and chemical significance

2‐Aminopyridines are key structural cores of bioactive natural products, medicinally important compounds, and organic materials and thus, extremely valuable synthetic targets. The few reported 6‐substituted 2‐aminopyridines and the lack of flexible, efficient and general applicable methods for their synthesis demonstrates the urgent need of new methods for their preparation. Reactions between 2,6‐dibromopyridine and primary or secondary, cyclic or acyclic, and aliphatic or aromatic amines were shown to selectively yield the respective 6‐bromopyridine‐2‐amines in very high yields which were successfully used as substrates for subsequent C-C cross‐coupling reactions. The recently introduced dichloro‐bis[1‐(dicyclohexylphosphanyl)piperidine]palladium was used as catalyst for the cross‐coupling of 6‐bromopyridine‐2‐amines with arylboronic acids, diaryl‐ and dialkylzinc reagents or olefins and hence, is also an excellent C-C cross‐coupling catalyst for this type of substrate. Moreover, all the reaction protocols presented were in each of the catalyses uniformly applied. The scope of both the amination and the cross‐coupling reactions are well defined and allow one to simply adapt the reaction protocols directly to other amines and/or coupling partners and, thus, provide for the first time a very flexible and generally applicable reaction protocol to get access to 2‐aminopyridines

Photosensitizing Properties of Alkynylrhenium(I) Complexes [Re(-C≡C-R)­(CO)3(N∩N)] (N∩N = 2,2′-bipy, phen) for H2Production

A series of complexes of the type [fac-Re(X)(CO)(3)(N boolean AND N)] (X = -C C-R, N boolean AND N = 2,2' -bipy, 2,2' -phen) were synthesized and fully characterized. Their photophysical characteristics make them very convenient photosensitizers (PSs). Upon light irradiation, H-2 formation was observed for all alkynyl complexes in the presence of a water-reducing catalyst (WRC) and a sacrificial electron donor. Relative rates of H-2 production indicate a dependency upon the diimine ligands rather than upon the nature of the sigma-bonded alkynyl derivatives. The coordinated acetylene group induces a redshift of the lambda(max) of the MLCT band in UV/Vis spectroscopy as compared to those of the corresponding halides, nitriles, or cationic Re-I complexes, such as [fac-ReX(CO)(3)( N boolean AND N)] (X = pyridine, H2O, N boolean AND N = bipy, phen)

Photocatalytic proton reduction with ruthenium and cobalt complexes immobilized on fumed reversed-phase silica

Heterogeneous photocatalytic hydrogen production with a non-covalently immobilized molecular ruthenium based photosensitizer (PS) and a cobalt polypyridyl based water reducing catalyst (WRC) is reported. PS and WRC were derivatized with C18-alkyl chains and immobilized by adsorption on hydrophobic fumed silica. The resulting loaded support was suspended in water with anionic or cationic surfactants and subjected to heterogeneous photocatalytic H2 production with ascorbate as sacrificial electron donor (SED). No leaching was observed under catalytic conditions, thus catalysis was truly heterogeneous. The catalytic performance of immobilized PS and WRC clearly exceeded that of homogeneous catalysis at low concentrations. At high concentration, diffusion and light limitation lead to lower reaction rates, but the same stability as for homogeneous reactions was still achieved. WRC concentration variations indicated a relatively high stability (up to 1300 H2/Co) and mobility of amphiphilic catalysts on the hydrophobic silica surface. Comparison of fumed silica with porous and non-porous silica showed, that a high BET surface area along with a good accessibility from the reaction media are crucial for catalytic performance. Mechanistic investigations by transient absorption spectroscopy displayed reductive quenching of excited PS by ascorbate followed by on particle electron transfer to WRC as reaction pathway. Particles with additional cationic surfactants exhibited a significantly higher catalytic performance as compared to anionic surfactants. Non-covalent anchoring of correspondingly derivatized WRCs or PSs to reversed-phase silica offers a rapid and versatile transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous molecular proton reduction