COMMERCIAL AND SYNTHESIZED ADDITIVES FOR BIODIESEL FUEL: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT In this paper a classification and analysing of commercial and synthesized additives used with biodiesel by different researchers was conducted. Biodiesel is widely accepted as an alternative fuel comparable to petroleum diesel in compression ignition engines. It is relatively poor cold flow property is a characteristic which limits its application. Here, fuel additives become the most viable choice not only to decrease this drawback but also to produce specified products that meet international and regional standards. This article covers a deep and through literature review of the effect of different additives on biodiesel properties, engine performance, and emission characteristics. The additives usage in biodiesel is inseparable both for improving the cold flow properties and for better engine performance and emission control. It can be concluded from the literature that specific additives for biodiesel remain at their infancy. Further research is needed to develop biodiesel specific additives

The Influence of additives on biodiesel blend for engine performance and emission improvement

Biodiesel is receiving more and more attention as a renewable fuel; serve as an alternative to mineral diesel. Fossil fuels are depleting with time due to their limited resources. On the other hand; the world energy consumption increases continuously due to the modern life requirements which lead to series energy crises. Although blended biodiesel-diesel fuel can replace mineral diesel satisfactorily at low blending ratios up to 20% biodiesel, problems related to fuel properties persist at high blending ratio more than 20%. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel-diesel blended fuel at 30% biodiesel, as fuel for unmodified diesel engines. Chemical additives are introduced as a viable option to improve the blended fuel properties. The experimental characterization of the blended fuel properties was conducted with ethanol, butanol and diethyl ether additives at low ratios up to 8% compared to the blended fuel standard ASTM D7467. Furthermore, engine is tested with blended fuel B30 and additives to investigate the engine performance, exhaust emissions and engine cyclic variations using the coefficient of variation and the wavelet analysis method. A statistically significant improvement in blended fuel kinematic viscosity and density was observed with all additives starting at 4% and 6% additive ratios for kinematic viscosity and density, respectively. On the other hand, a significant reduction in the blended fuel heating value was observed with all additive types starting at 6% additive ratio. The least reduction of blended fuel B30 heating value observed at 8% additive ratio is about 4% for B30 with diethyl ether additive. The blended fuel cold flow properties were improved with increasing additive ratios and maximum reduction in pour and cloud point was observed with diethyl ether by 2 oC and 3 oC respectively; at 8% additive ratio. The engine brake thermal efficiency was comparable for blended fuel B30 with different additives and mineral diesel. Furthermore, blended fuel with diethyl ether additive showed higher engine power at lower brake specific fuel consumption compared to other additives at similar ratios, and better engine brake power was achieved at 6% diethyl ether with increasing the additive ratio. The formation of NOx and CO2 emissions was reduced significantly with increasing the additive ratios. Better improvement in these emissions observed with diethyl ether additive at 8% ratio, which was comparable to that of diesel fuel. The significant impact of the additives on reducing the maximum in-cylinder pressure for B30 was observed with increasing additive ratios and the better trend obtained for B30 with 4% to 6% diethyl ether additive, which was comparable to that of the mineral diesel. Both the wavelet analysis and coefficient of variation reveal that increasing the additive ratio would give a noticeable effect on increasing the engine cycle-to-cycle variations which limits their usage at high ratios. It can be concluded that chemical additives are a viable option to introduce the blended fuel B30 as an alternative fuel for diesel engine that meets the blended fuel standard ASTM D7467 specifications

Operating of Gasoline Engine Using Naphtha and Octane Boosters from Waste as Fuel Additives

Fuel quality is an important indicator for the suitability of alternative fuel for the utilization in internal combustion (IC) engines. In this paper, light naphtha and fusel oil have been introduced as fuel additives for local low octane gasoline to operate a spark ignition (SI) engine. Investigated fuel samples have been prepared based on volume and denoted as GN10 (90% local gasoline and 10% naphtha), GF10 (90% local gasoline and 10% fusel oil), and GN5F5 (90% local gasoline, 5% naphtha and 5% fusel oil) in addition to G100 (Pure local gasoline). Engine tests have been conducted to evaluate engine performance and exhaust emissions at increasing speed and constant wide throttle opening (WTO). The study results reveal varying engine performance obtained with GN10 and GF10 with increasing engine speed compared to local gasoline fuel (G). Moreover, GN5F5 shows higher brake power, lower brake specific fuel consumption, and higher brake thermal efficiency compared to other investigated fuel samples over the whole engine speed. The higher CO and CO2 emissions were obtained with GN10 and GF10, respectively, over the entire engine speed and the minimum CO emissions observed with GN5F5. Moreover, the higher NOx emission was observed with pure local gasoline while the lowest was observed with GF10. On the other hand, GN5F5 shows slightly higher NOx emissions than GF10, which is lower than GN10 and gasoline. Accordingly, GN5F5 shows better engine performance and exhaust emissions, which can enhance the local low gasoline fuel quality using the locally available fuel additives

Psychosocial aspects of COVID-19 among women in Hilla general population

Background: We are in the middle of a global health crisis unlike any other in the United Nations' 75-year existence, one that is killing people, inflicting human suffering, and upsetting lives. This isn't just a medical emergency, though. It's a disaster on a humanitarian, economic, and sociological level. The Coronavirus disease (Covid-19), which the World Health Organization has classed as a pandemic, is wreaking devastation in society on medical, psychological, and social levels. Therefore, this study aimed at investigate the psychosocial aspects of COVID-19 among women and associated factors. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted by non probability (convenience) sample of 250 women was selected through attended the primary health care centers. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 22-items to investigate psychological aspects and 20-items to social aspects. The data was collected by using the interview method and analyzed by the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: The results of the study indicated that (72.40%) of the women exhibited a significant psychological aspects and (59.20%) exhibited a moderate social burden.&nbsp

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of a Modified Single-Slope Solar Still with an External Solar Water Heater

One of the key impediments to the wide utilization of solar water desalination systems is limited production. Hence, this study aims at increasing the thermal performance of a single-slope solar still by increasing the surface area of evaporation and absorption exposed to sunlight. A hollow rotating cylinder was installed inside the still structure; this modified system was then joined with an outside solar water heater for productivity improvement. The obtained results show that a 0.5 rpm rotational speed ensured that the cylinder’s surface was kept wet. A mathematical model has been formulated using the finite difference method and the Fortran 90 programming language to assess the thermal performance productivity of two solar stills (conventional solar still (CSS) and modified solar still (MSS)) modelled under different conditions. The experimental and theoretical results are well agreed, with an error of 6.14%. The obtained results show that the maximum productivity recorded in July 2019 was about 11.1 L/m2 from the MSS and 2.8 L/m2 from the CSS, with an improvement rate ranging between 286% and 300% during June, July, August, and September 2019. The production cost per liter of distilled water from the modified and conventional solar stills was 0.0302 USD/L and 0.0312 USD/L, respectively, which indicates a noticeable reduction in the cost of distillate water production

Investigation of the emission characteristics of iso-butanol additives on methanol-gasoline blends using spark ignition engine

Lower emissions of spark ignition engine can be achieved by using alcohol fuels such as methanol as it is more environmental advantage over fossil fuel. The methanol fuels can be further improved by added with iso-butanol as it have higher energy content and able to displace more gasoline fuel. Nevertheless, the research on the addition of lower ratio iso-butanol in methanol-gasoline blends specifically on exhaust emission is still not investigated thoroughly. Therefore, this study will focus on investigating the effect of iso-butanol additive on methanol-gasoline blends on the emission characteristics of spark ignition engine. The lower percentage (5%) of methanol-gasoline fuels was added with lower ratio of iso-butanol (5-15%) with 5% of volume increment. The experimental test were carried out on a 1.6-litre four-cylinder spark ignition engine at a fixed speed of 4000 rpm with increasing engine load form 10 Nm until 100 Nm. The results showed that the iso-butanol additive in methanol-gasoline blends was efficient to reduce the carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) formation compared to base fuel. Among all tested fuels, M5B15 (Iso-butanol 15% + Methanol 5% + Gasoline 80%) blend gave lower CO and HC emissions by 12.45% and 16.18% at 100 Nm. Meanwhile, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were higher for all methanol-gasoline blends with iso-butanol additives compared with that base gasoline. M5B15 blends gives higher emissions of NOx and CO2 by 11.45% and 11.74% at 100 Nm. This study summarized that iso-butanol additives can be applied in low percentage methanol-gasoline blends without any modification on the current existing engine, therefore reducing any serious environment impact

Chapter eighteen-potential of biodiesel as fuel for diesel engine

A survey of biodiesel fuel production and utilization in diesel engine are illustrated in this chapter. The potential of biodiesel from different sources as alternative fuel to mineral diesel for the existing diesel engine is discussed and highlighted. The current trends of biodiesel fuel utilization are listed and discussed in addition to the different production methods. Economic considerations of biodiesel production and analyses of factors affecting the production cost are provided in detail. The relation between the feedstock cost and the total production cost is discussed in detail to show the viability of biodiesel fuel from the different feedstocks to replace mineral diesel. Biodiesel fuel properties, standards, and their usage limitations are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the various techniques used to introduce biodiesel as a fuel for diesel engine within biodiesel fuel standards are provided and discussed in detail

Study of Diesel-biodiesel Fuel Properties and Wavelet Analysis on Cyclic Variations in a Diesel Engine

Continuous searching in new energy sources has been a crucial issue for sustaining the increasing energy demand. Due to the present economic and social modernization as well as petroleum oil depletion crisis, makespromising alternatives such as renewable energy sources an important choice for the next power generation. Petroleum fuel includesdiesel currently used in power generation, transportation, and industrial sectors. The introduction of biodiesel as a secondary fuel for diesel engines has revolutionized the use of different fuels with fuel blending in current diesel. Though biodiesel-diesel fuel can substitute diesel fuel at an acceptable blending ratio rate up to 20%, fuel properties could be affected with beyond the limit from the engine manufacturer's standard when blending at high volume ratio. Thus, in the present study, the use of the diesel-biodiesel fuel (B20) was investigated corresponding to the fuel properties and engine cyclic variations. Also, the tested fuels include mineral diesel were tested experimentally in a diesel engine with the in-cylinder pressure data measurement for 1000 cycles. These data were analyzed using the coefficient of variation (COV) and wavelet power spectrum (WPS). Fuel properties test results showed significant differences in density and acid value with a significant reduction in viscosity when diesel is blended with biodiesel at 20%. Despite that, the low heating value was significantly affected for B20 compared to pure biodiesel. While as for the wavelet analysis results, the short period oscillations appear periodically in pure biodiesel and mineral diesel, but in contrast, the long and intermediate-term periodicities has are found in B20. Moreover, the spectral power has increased with B20, which attributed significantly to the engine cyclic variations. This characteristic validated the coefficient of variation (COV) for the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) time series that B20 produces the lowest fluctuation in cyclic variations compared to other fuels

Performance and NOx emissions of a diesel engine with water injection

The emission like nitrogen oxide is an unwanted pollutant from diesel engines. One out of many methods to decrease the nitrogen oxides is the water injection. One measure to inject water into the engine is the injection into the intake manifold. The injection of the water is possible at three different locations at the investigated engine. One injection is with the airflow, the other is against the airflow and the third is towards the airflow. Water storage and the pressure supply for the injector are developed to support the injector with water under pressure. The amount of injected water is being varied from 0 to 100% water/fuel ratio in steps of 20%. Parallel to this work a simulation model of the engine is created to simulate the behaviour of the water injection. The simulation results show a decrease of the nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions as well as an increase of the performance and a decrease of the fuel consumption. These results are compared with the measurement results from the engine on the test bed. The results of the test runs show the same tendency as the simulation. The values of the simulated and measured parameters differ slightly due to estimation in the simulation model and tolerances of the measurement equipment and test bed. The temperature and the nitrogen oxide emission decrease drastically. This benefit has the drawback of an increase of the particle matter emission. The combustion process is slightly affected by the water injection. The performance parameters are very slightly affected with a little decrease of the efficiency and torque. The fuel consumption is constant with the water injection

Using Fusel Oil as a Blend in Gasoline to Improve SI Engine Efficiencies: A Comprehensive Review

Alternative fuels are becoming important due to higher energy demands but with limited fuel supplies. Fusel oil is a by-product obtained through the fermentation of some agricultural products such as beets, cones, grains, potatoes, sweet potatoes, rice and wheat. Fusel oil can be used as a clean and high-efficiency spark ignition fuel with a reduced NOx. The energy value of fusel oil is near to other alternative combustible types and the limited number of researches on the use of fusel oil as an alcohol derivative in spark ignition engines constitute to the base of this research. The literature relevant to fusel oil use was reviewed and summarized to demonstrate the viability of fusel oil as an alternative fuel from renewable energy source. The aim of this paper was to review the potential for the utilization of fusel oil as a candidate for an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engine, while also describing the production and utilization of fusel oil generally. The octane number and density of fusel oil present the most important properties that make fusel oil a candidate for an alternative fuel for SI fuel engines. It was observed that the octane number increased with the increase in percentage of fusel oil in the blend tests. It was also noted that when the fusel oil was used as a blend with gasoline, the engine torque was slightly increased and the volumetric efficiency and specific fuel consumption also increased. The hydro-carbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were averagely increased. Furthermore, knocking and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were observed to decrease when fusel oil was used. On the other hand, negative effects occurred in the engine performance caused by the higher water content in fusel oil