Forum Choice for Terrorism Suspects

What forum should be used to adjudicate the status of persons suspected of involvement in terrorism? Recent clashes between Congress and the president as to whether the status of terrorism suspects should be determined via Article III courts or military commissions have revived the debate about this venue question. The problem is typically framed as a matter of legal doctrine, with statutory and doctrinal rules invoked as dispositive guides for sorting suspects into either civilian or military venues. This Article takes issue with the utility of that framing of the problem. It argues that the forum question can more profitably be analyzed through an institutional-design lens. A key institutional-design decision is whether and when to create jurisdictional redundancy. When, that is, should the existence of overlapping jurisdictions vest the government with a threshold choice of forums or an option to retry a suspect who has been acquitted in an initial process? Jurisdictional redundancy is pervasive. But conventional wisdom suggests that it is unwise. This Article demonstrates, however, that overlap among forums has complex direct and indirect effects on the accuracy and cost of terrorism-related adjudication. The Article presents a comprehensive framework for analyzing redundancy by exploring how redundancy influences error rates, system-maintenance costs, externalities, information production, and incentives. Applying this framework, I contend that the conventional wisdom is flawed. Pervasive redundancy has surprising merit in contrast to two leading reform proposals that would eliminate most jurisdictional overlap

MOESM2 of Heterogeneous antigenic properties of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid

Additional file 2. Comparative reactivity of N from various PRRSV strains with mAb SDOW17 and predicted antigenic regions of N. A In analogy to the data of Figure 6, the reactivity of the mAbs SDOW17 and SR30 was determined against the different PRRSV N proteins expressed transiently in BHK-21 cells using IF. The secondary antibody was alexa-488-conjugated (green) and the cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). The N proteins of the different strains were grouped according to the flow cytometry results of Figure 6. Black, light grey and dark grey shading highlight the strains with less than 25%, between 25 and 75%, and more than 75% N detection by SDOW17 versus SR30, respectively. B All ORF7 amino acid sequences of the strains used in the experiment of panel A and in Figure 6 were aligned and compared to the IVI-1173 sequence using the Clone Manager software. The sequence names are highlighted in black, light grey and dark gray according to the grouping described above. The predicted SDOW17 epitope region mapped for LV is highlighted in yellow [33]. The SDOW17 epitope regions mapped with PA-8 are delimited by dark blue rectangles [34]. The region harboring the SR30 epitope in PA-8 is delimited by a light blue rectangle [34]. LV, VR-2332, PA-8 and PrimePac were included as reference strains. The amino acid differences between IV3140 and IVI-1173 are shown in bold red