Measurement by FIB on the ISS: Two Emissions of Solar Neutrons Detected?

A new type of solar neutron detector (FIB) was launched onboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on July 16, 2009, and it began collecting data at the International Space Station (ISS) on August 25, 2009. This paper summarizes the three years of observations obtained by the solar neutron detector FIB until the end of July 2012. The solar neutron detector FIB can determine both the energy and arrival direction of neutrons. We measured the energy spectra of background neutrons over the SAA region and elsewhere, and found the typical trigger rates to be 20 counts/sec and 0.22 counts/sec, respectively. It is possible to identify solar neutrons to within a level of 0.028 counts/sec, provided that directional information is applied. Solar neutrons were observed in association with the M-class solar flares that occurred on March 7 (M3.7) and June 7 (M2.5) of 2011. This marked the first time that neutrons were observed in M-class solar flares. A possible interpretaion of the prodcution process is provided.Comment: 36 pages, 16 figures, and 3 Tables; Advanced in Astronmy, 2012, Special issue on Cosmic Ray Variablity:Century of Its Obseravtion

Influence of Seed Cotton Marketing on Cotton Production among Smallholder Farmers in Bura Irrigation and Settlement Scheme, Kenya

Kenyan smallholder cotton production has remained low despite the spirited effort to revive the sector. Several factors combined seem to be responsible for this perpetual low production. Among the factors are constraints ranging from, inadequate extension services, limited access to information on production and poor marketing systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate how seed cotton marketing influence cotton production among smallholder farmers in Bura Irrigation and Settlement Scheme. The study utilized descriptive survey research design to collect data from farm households, while secondary data was collected from government agencies in the Scheme. The study population was all smallholder cotton farmers in Bura Irrigation Scheme. Proportionate simple random sampling method was used to select 120 farmers who were included in the study.Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0. The findings showed that on channels of marketing, all the respondents sell their seed cotton individually. All of the respondents admitted that seed cotton brokers exist within the scheme and 67% indicated that they have sold seed cotton to brokers. 63% indicated that they do so since brokers are usually available to buy.80% of the respondents indicated that they do encounter several challenges during marketing. 61% of the respondents recommended that a ginnery should be established within the Scheme. 98% of the respondents stated that the current price of seed cotton offered in the market has led to the decline in cotton production. Analysis of secondary data revealed that an increase in the price of seed cotton would result into an increase in cotton production. The study revealed that the selling price of seed cotton had a significant impact on cotton production. Lack of storage and ginning facilities enhanced the activities of brokers

Influence of Source of Information on Cotton Production among Smallholder Farmers in Bura Irrigation and Settlement Scheme, Kenya

Kenyan smallholder cotton production has remained low despite the spirited effort by the government and the private sector to revive the sector. Several factors combined seem to be responsible for this perpetual low production. Among the factors are constraints ranging from, inadequate extension services, limited access to information on production and poor marketing systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate how source of information on cotton production influence cotton production among smallholder farmers in Bura Irrigation and Settlement Scheme. The study utilized descriptive survey research design to collect primary data from farm households on the influence of selected factors on cotton production, while secondary data was collected from Cotton Development Authority and National Irrigation Board offices in Bura Irrigation and Settlement Scheme. The study population was all smallholder cotton farmers in Bura Irrigation Scheme. Proportionate simple random sampling method was used to select 120 farmers from 1022 cotton farmers in 11 villages within the scheme, who were included in the study. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data

Turbulence in Boundary Flow of Superfluid 4^4He Triggered by Free Vortex Rings

The transition to turbulence in the boundary flow of superfluid $^4$He is investigated using a vortex--free vibrating wire. At high wire vibration velocities, we found that stable alternating flow around the wire enters a turbulent phase triggered by free vortex rings. Numerical simulations of vortex dynamics demonstrate that vortex rings can attach to the surface of an oscillating obstacle and expand unstably due to the boundary flow of the superfluid, forming turbulence. Experimental investigations indicate that the turbulent phase continues even after stopping the injection of vortex rings, which is also confirmed by the simulations.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to AP

Virulência bacteriana y resistência de diferentes estirpes de aves associada com la incidência de celulites em polos.

Projeto/Plano de Ação: 11.11.11.111