TRUE LEFT SIDED GALL BLADDER: A SURGICAL SURPRISE

INTRODUCTION: Left sided gallbladder is a rare anomaly & several variants exist. The condition cannot be diagnosed pre-operatively by most of the radiological modalities and it can take the operating surgeon, by surprise. CASE PRESENTATION: A young lady with symptomatic gallstones was unexpectedly found to have a left sided gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Though, her routine preoperative work up did not show anything abnormal, as is usual in such anatomical variation. She was successfully managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy by modifying the camera angle & the dissection technique.  CONCLUSION: The anatomical knowledge of the various structures & to timely recognize the variations is very important to avoid injury in such cases. The operating technique may need to be modified for a safe & successful outcome

The Role Of EI In Effective Leadership, In The Context Of Saudi Arab: A Systematic Review

Background: The field of Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a growing field reflecting its effectiveness in different professions and institutes. There is little evidence available to seek a comprehensive role of EI in effective leadership. This study explores the role of EI in effective leadership. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate how the component of EI plays an effective role in leadership, in the context of Saudi Arab. Method: For the purpose, a systematic approach was employed to identify and select relevant studies from key databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria ensured the consideration of studies published within 05 years that examined the role of EI for effective leadership. Data extraction and analysis were conducted to synthesize findings from 11 selected studies. Results: In total 130 articles were explored and only 03 were found very relevant and 28 somewhat relevant based on inclusion criteria. Findings revealed that EI play a key role in any field specifically in effective leadership and leadership skills including empathy, self-management, and self-awareness. However, limitations including selection bias were acknowledged. Conclusion: The study concludes that EI can enhance the leadership role and can bring very significant advancement in the field of leadership. Since, there was no studies found that studied exclusively EI in relation with effective leadership

Association between Serum Vitamin B12 Concentration and Obesity Among Adults in The Ksa

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum vitamin B12 levels and weight among the adult population in KSA. Methods: This research will employ a cross-sectional study design to investigate the association between serum vitamin B12 concentration and obesity among adults in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Cross-sectional studies are suitable for examining relationships between variables within a specific population at a single point in time. The target population for this study includes all adult residents of the KSA aged 18 years and older. Results: The study included 869 participants. The most frequent weight among them was 51-65 kg (n= 255, 29.3%), followed by 66 -75 kg (n= 214, 24.6%). The most frequent height among study participants was 161-170 cm (n= 324, 37.3%) followed by 151-160 cm (n= 266, 30.6%). The most frequent body mass index (BMI) value among study participants was Normal 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 (n= 344, 39.6%), followed by overweight 25-29.9 kg/m2 (n= 281, 32.3%).  Vitamin B12 varied among study participants, with most of them having a normal range (n= 319, 36.7%) followed by a low range (n= 117, 13.5%) and the least common high range (n= 23, 2.6%). On the other hand, among 410 participants, 47.2% did not know their vitamin B12 value. Wech may indicate a lack of knowledge about the topic. Figure 4 shows the vitamin B12 levels among study participants. Conclusion: Study results showed that most of the study participants do not know their vitamin B12 level and need to increase awareness, followed by those who have a normal vitamin B12 level. The most common BMI was the normal level. There was a relationship between vitamin B12 levels and obesity.

The Relationship Between Online Consumers Reviews, Purchase Intention and Actual Purchase: An Empirical Evidence From Saudi Arabia

Online consumer reviews (OCRs) have become an important element of online
 shopping in the current environment as a result of rapid technological advancements
 and the influence of external factors. Therefore, consumer preferences and buying
 patterns in an online environment showcase a shift from the development of purchase
 intention to engagement in actual purchase. The significance of OCRs for consumers
 stems from the ambiguous nature of the online shopping environment, which inherently
 presents a certain amount of risk and uncertainty for consumers. Therefore, the
 overarching aim of the present study was to explore and assess the relationship between
 OCR characteristics, consumer demographic profiles, product type and consumer trust,
 and how they affect purchase intention and actual purchase behaviour.
 As a starting point, extensive academic literature was reviewed and synthesised. A
 conceptual framework was developed based on popular theoretical frameworks such as
 the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behaviour, the elaborated likelihood
 model and social identity theory. The conceptual framework was built on four elements
 of OCRs - review valence, information relevance, information timeliness and
 information accuracy. Additionally, three contextual factors were included:
 demographic variables, consumer trust and product type. Further, the role of gender and
 the product type were explored to understand their role in moderating the relationship
 between consumers’ purchase intention and actual purchase.
 Multiple regression analysis of data from 604 respondents revealed no relationship
 between gender, age, income or education and purchase intention. However, gender,
 age and income were related to actual purchase behaviour, while education and actual
 purchase were not. There was a relationship detected between the OCR elements review
 valence and information relevance and purchase intention; however, information
 accuracy and information timeliness exerted no influence on purchasing intention.
 Contextual factors product type and consumer trust appeared to influence purchase
 intention. Further, product type influenced actual purchase behaviour, and gender
 moderated the relationship between purchase intention and actual purchase, whereas
 product type did not exert any influence.
 The findings obtained from the present study contribute both theoretical and practical
 implications that validate the research framework and are supported by empirical
 evidence. Given the increasing trend of online shopping in Saudi Arabia, further
 boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative for marketers to treat online
 shoppers differently from traditional shoppers because of the demographic diversity of
 online consumers and the nature of the online environment. Moreover, online retailers
 should consider the content and specifics of OCRs to improve consumers trust in online
 shopping. Further, the findings of the present study may benefit formulation of specific
 marketing strategies through understanding the importance of OCRs, associated
 elements and other contextual factors that trigger consumer purchase decisions

Phylogenetic Position of <em>Haemaphysalis kashmirensis</em> and <em>Haemaphysalis cornupunctata</em>, with Notes on <em>Rickettsia</em> spp.

Despite high diversity in the Oriental region, ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis have been neglected regarding their genetic data and vector potential. This study aimed to genetically characterize three species of the genus Haemaphysalis: Haemaphysalis cornupunctata, Haemaphysalis kashmirensis, and Haemaphysalis montgomeryi infesting goats and sheep, and Rickettsia spp. associated with these tick species in the Hindu Kush Himalayan range of Pakistan. Altogether, 834 ticks were collected by examining 120 hosts including goats (64/120, 53.3%) and sheep (56/120, 46.6%), in which 86 (71.6%) hosts were found to be tick-infested. The morphologically identified ticks were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR for the amplification of partial 16S rDNA and cox fragments. Rickettsia spp. associated with the collected ticks were detected through the amplification of gltA, ompA and ompB partial fragments. The 16S rDNA of H. cornupunctata and H. montgomeryi showed a maximum identity of 100% with the sequences of the same species, whereas the 16S rDNA of H. kashmirensis showed the highest identity of 93–95% with Haemaphysalis sulcata. The cox sequence of H. montgomeryi displayed 100% identity with the same species. In comparison, the cox sequences of H. cornupunctata and H. kashmirensis showed maximum identities of 87.65–89.22% with Haemaphysalis punctata and 89.34% with H. sulcata, respectively. The gltA sequence of Rickettsia sp. from H. kashmirensis showed the highest identity of 97.89% with Rickettsia conorii subsp. raoultii, while the ompA and ompB fragments from the same DNA samples revealed 100% and 98.16% identity with Rickettsia sp. and “Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii”, respectively. Another gltA sequence amplified from H. montgomeryi ticks showed 100% identity with Rickettsia hoogstraalii, while the attempts to amplify ompA and ompB for R. hoogstraalii were unsuccessful. In the phylogenetic tree, the 16S rDNA of H. cornupunctata clustered with the corresponding species while its cox clustered with H. punctata. Both 16S rDNA and cox sequences of H. kashmirensis clustered with H. sulcata. The gltA sequence of Rickettsia sp. was clustered individually in the spotted fever (SF) group of Rickettsia, while the gltA sequence of R. hoogstraalii was clustered with the same species in the transition group of Rickettsia. In the SF group, the rickettsial ompA and ompB sequence clustered with undetermined Rickettsia sp. and “Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii”, respectively. This is the earliest study regarding the genetic characterization of H. kashmirensis. This study indicated that ticks belong to the genus Haemaphysalis have the potential of harboring and/or transmitting Rickettsia spp. in the region