Electronic Transport Properties of Pentacene Single Crystals upon Exposure to Air

We report the effect of air exposure on the electronic properties of pentacene single crystals. Air can diffuse reversibly in and out of the crystals and controls the physical properties. We discern two competing mechanisms that modulate the electronic transport. The presence of oxygen increases the hole conduction, as in dark four O2 molecules introduce one charge carrier. This effect is enhanced by the presence of visible light. Contrarily, water, present in ambient air, is incorporated in the crystal lattice and forms trapping sites for injected charges.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure

Between Censure and Liberalization: The Press and Publishing in Second Empire France

Napoleon III\u27s ambition to construct a paradoxical liberal empire encountered a major obstacle in the realm of the press, which chafed under censure and forced the Emperor to consider the ramifications that absolutism would have for his reign, given France\u27s revolutionary history. The article traces the history of censure under the Second Empire, to identify Napoleon III\u27s motivations for liberalization and its consequences for his regime

Positive surgical margins in nephron-sparing surgery; the great unknown

There is a currently a general trend towards organ-preserving surgery, and urology is no exception. Specifically, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) has gained general acceptance for T1a renal cell carcinoma (guidelines recommendations). Moreover T1b, T2 and even T3 stage tumors have been included on the nephron sparing list at some centers. An unresolved issue is that of positive surgical margins (PSM), not only their detection but also the implications for follow up and treatment. This paper highlights data available on risk factors for PSM, their clinical relevance, and possible therapeutic consequences. From the surgeon’s viewpoint, NSS is a daring and risky surgical procedure. Urological guidelines stress the importance of NSS, and thus the trend is moving in that direction. Unresolved, however, is the problem of PSM. Trifecta, MIC, and pentafecta are applicable concepts which attempt to define the optimal endpoint of NSS, but further elaboration is necessary. Specifically, research needs to focus less on the concept of definitive margins and more on their identification and avoidance. Although some studies suggest that PSMs do not influence overall survival rate, the basic idea of preserving tissue that is not cancerous leads to further medical, social, and psychological considerations

What Determines the Success of a Geographical Indication? A Price-based Meta-Analysis for GIs In Food Products

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Quasi-coherent thermal emitter based on refractory plasmonic materials

The thermal emission of refractory plasmonic metamaterial - a titanium nitride 1D grating - is studied at high operating temperature (540 {\deg}C). By choosing a refractory material, we fabricate thermal gratings with high brightness that are emitting mid-infrared radiation centered around 3 $\mu$m. We demonstrate experimentally that the thermal excitation of plasmon-polariton on the surface of the grating produces a well-collimated beam with a spatial coherence length of 32{\lambda} (angular divergence of 1.8{\deg}) which is quasi-monochromatic with a full width at half maximum of 70 nm. These experimental results show good agreement with a numerical model based on a two-dimensional full-wave analysis in frequency domain.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Pelvic floor disorders in gynecological malignancies. An overlooked problem?

Cervical, endometrial, ovarian, vulvar, and vaginal cancers affect women of a broad age spectrum. Many of these women are still sexually active when their cancer is diagnosed. Treatment options for gynecological malignancies, such as gynecological surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, are proven risk factors for pelvic floor dysfunction. The prevalence of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and sexual dysfunction before cancer treatment is still unclear. Hypotheses have been raised in the literature that these manifestations could represent early symptoms of pelvic cancers, but most remain overlooked even in cancer surviving patients. The primary focus of therapy is always cancer eradication, but as oncological and surgical treatment options become more successful, the number of cancer survivors increases. The quality of life of patients with gynecological cancers often remains an underrated subject. Pelvic floor disorders are not consistently reported by patients and are frequently overlooked by many clinicians. In this brief review we discuss the importance of pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with gynecological malignant tumors