Geometric distortion analysis of a wide-field astrograph

Ground-based optical navigation seeks to determine the angular position of a star, Solar System body, or laser-emitting spacecraft relative to objects with well-known coordinates. Measurement accuracies of 25 nrad would make optical techniques competitive with current radio metric technology. This article examines a proposed design for a wide-field astrograph and concludes that the deviation of an image centroid from the ideal projection can be modeled to the desired accuracy provided that the field of view does not exceed 5 deg on a side

Everyone Benefits, Everyone Pays: Does the Fifth Amendment Mandate Compensation When Property is Damaged During the Course of Police Activities?

The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, along with similar provisions in state constitutions, forbids the taking of private property by the government for a public use without just compensation. Despite this protection, many courts have denied takings claims made by innocent third party landowners when police officers caused damage to their property during the course of executing their official duties. These courts held that the damage was not for a public use in the narrow sense, and have refused to analyze the claims under takings jurisprudence. This narrow view of public use ignores the fact that society as a whole benefits from the police activity, including any resulting damage to property, while the innocent, individual owner alone is forced to bear the burden. This Note argues that a broader interpretation of public use is required to redistribute justly and fairly the costs of such burdens to the society that benefits from them in order to comport with the mandate of the Fifth Amendment

Recent Advances in Synovial Fluid Analysis

Synovial fluid analysis is a frequently ignored examination except in suspected cases of septic conditions. It has been shown that it is an extremely valuable procedure in making rapid and accurate diagnoses in many types of joint diseases

Insulin Antagonists

In conclusion, the synalbumin antagonist exists, and may be important in the pathogenesis of human diabetes, but its role has not been proved. The proof will require elucidation of the problem of species specificity, and ability to measure accurately the levels of synalbumin antagonist

Metallurgical optimization of high strength cast steels with stage I tempering

“Eglin steel was developed by the U.S. Air Force and Ellwood National Forge Company as a cost-effective, ultrahigh strength steel for use in armament, aerospace, and commercial applications. Eglin steel has been successfully substituted for high alloy steels, such as AF1410 and HP-9-4-20/30, to produce the casing for “bunker buster” bombs where penetration of concrete barriers and rock at high velocity ( \u3e 1000 ft/sec) is desired. Unlike AF1410 and HP-9-4-20/30, Eglin steel is low nickel (nominal 1 wt.%) and contains no cobalt. Given the successful performance of Eglin steel in the casings applications, the Department of Defense has directed that further development of Eglin steel as a cast product should be conducted. The goal of the research reported here was to use existing knowledge and practices of producing Eglin steel as a basis and to advance the science and the physical metallurgy of cast Eglin steel to produce a more consistent material that meets current performance requirements by optimizing chemical homogeneity, and thermal processing. A novel heat treatment was designed which reduced the prior austenite grain size from 283 ± 74 µm to 58 ± 17 µm, and increased Charpy impact energy at -40° F/C from 34 ± 4 ft-lbs to 40 ± 11 ft-lbs. Porosity and Cleanliness Limitations were investigated, and it was found porosity must be restricted to less than 0.05% to obtain elongations to failure of 10% or greater. A general model for the notch effect of a large pore was formulated and shows that shrinkage pores must be restricted to less than 400 µm in length to eliminate brittle behavior induced by porosity. Finally elevated temperature normalization at 2250°F for up to 11 hours was explored in which it was concluded that for Eglin steel, homogeneity is a secondary consideration to casting porosity, cleanliness, and martensitic substructure”--Abstract, page iv

Economics of marketing hogs by carcass weight and grade

The objectives of this study were: (1) to outline the characteristics of the present system of marketing hogs in the United States; (2) to outline the ways in which the present system of marketing hogs deviates from the Ideal Marketing System 1; (3) to investigate the alternative method of marketing hogs by carcass weight and grade and to show by theoretical models whether this system can satisfy the conditions necessary for an Ideal Marketing System ; (4) to outline hypotheses that need empirical verification; and (5) to test some of the hypotheses outlined by the theoretical models;Hogs are usually sold in the United States on a live basis. There is little or no sorting or pricing on the basis of quality. The prices paid to producers vary only with the variation in the weight of the live hog;Experimental evidence indicates that under the present live buying system, hog buyers cannot estimate accurately carcass grade and dressing percentage. Therefore, hogs of a given weight are sold near the average price;The pricing mechanism in the market does not pass on to the producer the consumer\u27s desires for quality. This prevents optimum adjustment of production to consumers\u27 demand for quality or optimum combinations of fat and lean cuts;As a result of an inefficient pricing mechanism, productive resources at the farm level are wasted. All animals are discounted the average amount of loss due to fill and physical defects. The individual producer is competitively forced to fill his hog constituting a loss of productive resources. There is no incentive to reduce the losses from fill, bruising and disease because livestock buyers are unable to accurately determine the extent of fill, bruising and disease losses from observation of the live animal;Market news cannot be accurately relayed to the producer because of inaccuracy in live grading methods and live grade standards. Therefore, marketing resources are not used most efficiently and too many resources may be used in moving the hog to market. Because the producer does not know accurately the quality of meat he is producing, he does not know his exact competitive bargaining position;If it is assumed that a perfectly functioning system of marketing hogs by carcass weight and grade is in effect and accurate and acceptable carcass grade standards have been established, then, theoretically, the marketing of hogs by carcass weight and grade would make it possible for the buyers and sellers to determine the true value of the hog carcass. Therefore, the pricing mechanism in the market could express the consumer\u27s desires for quality and quantity to the producer;1An Ideal Marketing System is one that will accomplish the following: (1) determine a consumer\u27s demand for products, (2) determine the consumer\u27s demand for marketing services, (3) provide an effective price mechanism that will reflect to the producer consumers\u27 desires for goods and services, and (4) reduce marketing costs to a minimum

Inadequate Damages in P.I. Actions: Trends in Appellate Decisions

There is no mystery in the language which courts from time immemorial expressed in an attempt to explain when they will interfere with a verdict which has been challenged on the grounds of either excessiveness or inadequacy. Lip service is given to the rule that the size of the verdict alone is not the criteria for interference with the verdict of a jury. The usual language is that excessiveness or inadequacy, to warrant interference, must evince or carry an implication of passion or prejudice, corruption, partiality, improper influences, or the like. An analysis of the decisions, however, justifies the conclusion that courts generally grant relief if convinced that the verdict substantially exceeds or falls below any rational appraisal or estimate of the damages, even though the inference of passion, prejudice, partiality, or other improper notice on the part of the jury is no more natural or reasonable than the inference of a mistake or misapprehension on the part of the jury