Application of Basic Pharmacology and Dispensing Practice of Antibiotics in Accredited Drug-Dispensing Outlets in Tanzania.

Provision of pharmaceutical services in accredited drug-dispensing outlets (ADDOs) in Tanzania has not been reported. This study compared the antibiotics dispensing practice between ADDOs and part II shops, or duka la dawa baridi (DLDBs), in Tanzania. This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in ADDOs and DLDBs. A simulated client method for data collection was used, and a total of 85 ADDOs, located in Mvomero, Kilombero, and Morogoro rural districts, were compared with 60 DLDBs located in Kibaha district. The research assistants posed as simulated clients and requested to buy antibiotics from ADDOs and DLDBs after presenting a case scenario or disease condition. Among the diseases presented were those requiring antibiotics and those usually managed only by oral rehydration salt or analgesics. The simulated clients wanted to know the antibiotics that were available at the shop. The posed questions set a convincing ground to the dispenser either to dispense the antibiotic directly, request a prescription, or refer the patient to a health facility. Proportions were used to summarize categorical variables between ADDOs and DLDBs, and the chi-square test was used to test for statistical difference between the two drug-outlet types in terms of antibiotic-dispensing practice. As many as 40% of trained ADDO dispensers no longer worked at the ADDO shops, so some of the shops employed untrained staff. A larger proportion of ADDOs than DLDBs dispensed antibiotics without prescriptions (P = 0.004). The overall results indicate that there was no difference between the two types of shops in terms of adhering to regulations for dispensing antibiotics. However, in some circumstances, eg, antibiotic sale without prescription and no referral made, for complicated cases, ADDOs performed worse than DLDBs. As many as 30% of DLDBs and 35% of ADDOs dispensed incomplete doses of antibiotics. In both ADDOs and DLDBs, fortified procaine penicillin powder was dispensed as topical application for injuries. There was no statistical difference between ADDOs and DLDBs in the violation of dispensing practice and both ADDOs and DLDBs expressed poor knowledge of the basic pharmacology of antibiotics

A general-purpose approach to computer-aided dynamic analysis of a flexible helicopter

A general purpose mathematical formulation is described for dynamic analysis of a helicopter consisting of flexible and/or rigid bodies that undergo large translations and rotations. Rigid body and elastic sets of generalized coordinates are used. The rigid body coordinates define the location and the orientation of a body coordinate frame (global frame) with respect to an inertial frame. The elastic coordinates are introduced using a finite element approach in order to model flexible components. The compatibility conditions between two adjacent elements in a flexible body are imposed using a Boolean matrix, whereas the compatibility conditions between two adjacent bodies are imposed using the Lagrange multiplier approach. Since the form of the constraint equations depends upon the type of kinematic joint and involves only the generalized coordinates of the two participating elements, then a library of constraint elements can be developed to impose the kinematic constraint in an automated fashion. For the body constraints, the Lagrange multipliers yield the reaction forces and torques of the bodies at the joints. The virtual work approach is used to derive the equations of motion, which are a system of differential and algebraic equations that are highly nonlinear. The formulation presented is general and is compared with hard-wired formulations commonly used in helicopter analysis

On ZpZp[u, v]-additive cyclic and constacyclic codes

Let $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ be the ring of residue classes modulo a prime $p$. The $\mathbb{Z}_{p}\mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v]$-additive cyclic codes of length $(\alpha,\beta)$ is identify as $\mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v][x]$-submodule of $\mathbb{Z}_{p}[x]/\langle x^{\alpha}-1\rangle \times \mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v][x]/\langle x^{\beta}-1\rangle$ where $\mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v]=\mathbb{Z}_{p}+u\mathbb{Z}_{p}+v\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ with $u^{2}=v^{2}=uv=vu=0$. In this article, we obtain the complete sets of generator polynomials, minimal generating sets for cyclic codes with length $\beta$ over $\mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v]$ and $\mathbb{Z}_{p}\mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v]$-additive cyclic codes with length $(\alpha,\beta)$ respectively. We show that the Gray image of $\mathbb{Z}_{p}\mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v]$-additive cyclic code with length $(\alpha,\beta)$ is either a QC code of length $4\alpha$ with index $4$ or a generalized QC code of length $(\alpha,3\beta)$ over $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$. Moreover, some structural properties like generating polynomials, minimal generating sets of $\mathbb{Z}_{p}\mathbb{Z}_{p}[u,v]$-additive constacyclic code with length $(\alpha,p-1)$ are determined.Comment: It is submitted to the journa

Electrochemical processing of solid waste

An investigation of electrochemical waste treatment methods suitable for closed, or partially closed, life support systems for manned space exploration is discussed. The technique being investigated involves the electrolysis of solid waste where the aim is to upgrade waste material (mainly fecal waste) to generate gases that can be recycled in a space station or planetary space environment

Interdiffusion in InGaAs/GaAs: The effect of growth conditions

Copyright 1998 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. This article appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 84, 232 (1998) and may be found at