Collapse of Primordial Clouds

We present here studies of collapse of purely baryonic Population III objects with masses ranging from $10M_\odot$ to $10^6M_\odot$. A spherical Lagrangian hydrodynamic code has been written to study the formation and evolution of the primordial clouds, from the beginning of the recombination era ($z_{rec} \sim 1500$) until the redshift when the collapse occurs. All the relevant processes are included in the calculations, as well as, the expansion of the Universe. As initial condition we take different values for the Hubble constant and for the baryonic density parameter (considering however a purely baryonic Universe), as well as different density perturbation spectra, in order to see their influence on the behavior of the Population III objects evolution. We find, for example, that the first mass that collapses is $8.5\times10^4M_\odot$ for $h=1$, $\Omega=0.1$ and $\delta_i={\delta\rho / \rho}=(M / M_o)^{-1/3}(1+z_{rec})^{-1}$ with the mass scale $M_o=10^{15}M_\odot$. For $M_o=4\times10^{17}M_\odot$ we obtain $4.4\times10^{4}M_\odot$ for the first mass that collapses. The cooling-heating and photon drag processes have a key role in the collapse of the clouds and in their thermal history. Our results show, for example, that when we disregard the Compton cooling-heating, the collapse of the objects with masses $>8.5\times10^4M_\odot$ occurs earlier. On the other hand, disregarding the photon drag process, the collapse occurs at a higher redshift.Comment: 10 pages, MN plain TeX macros v1.6 file, 9 PS figures. Also available at http://www.iagusp.usp.br/~oswaldo (click "OPTIONS" and then "ARTICLES"). MNRAS in pres

Collapse of Primordial Clouds II. The Role of Dark Matter

In this article we extend the study performed in our previous article on the collapse of primordial objects. We here analyze the behavior of the physical parameters for clouds ranging from $10^7M_\odot$ to $10^{15}M_\odot$. We studied the dynamical evolution of these clouds in two ways: purely baryonic clouds and clouds with non-baryonic dark matter included. We start the calculations at the beginning of the recombination era, following the evolution of the structure until the collapse (that we defined as the time when the density contrast of the baryonic matter is greater than $10^4$). We analyze the behavior of the several physical parameters of the clouds (as, e.g., the density contrast and the velocities of the baryonic matter and the dark matter) as a function of time and radial position in the cloud. In this study all physical processes that are relevant to the dynamical evolution of the primordial clouds, as for example photon-drag (due to the cosmic background radiation), hydrogen molecular production, besides the expansion of the Universe, are included in the calculations. In particular we find that the clouds, with dark matter, collapse at higher redshift when we compare the results with the purely baryonic models. As a general result we find that the distribution of the non-baryonic dark matter is more concentrated than the baryonic one. It is important to stress that we do not take into account the putative virialization of the non-baryonic dark matter, we just follow the time and spatial evolution of the cloud solving its hydrodynamical equations. We studied also the role of the cooling-heating processes in the purely baryonic clouds.Comment: 8 pages, MN plain TeX macros v1.6 file, 13 PS figures. Also available at http://www.iagusp.usp.br/~oswaldo (click "OPTIONS" and then "ARTICLES"). MNRAS in pres

The Noncommutative Doplicher-Fredenhagen-Roberts-Amorim Space

This work is an effort in order to compose a pedestrian review of the recently elaborated Doplicher, Fredenhagen, Roberts and Amorim (DFRA) noncommutative (NC) space which is a minimal extension of the DFR space. In this DRFA space, the object of noncommutativity ($\theta^{\mu\nu}$) is a variable of the NC system and has a canonical conjugate momentum. The DFRA formalism is constructed in an extended space-time with independent degrees of freedom associated with the object of noncommutativity $\theta^{\mu\nu}$. A consistent algebra involving the enlarged set of canonical operators is described, which permits one to construct theories that are dynamically invariant under the action of the rotation group. A consistent classical mechanics formulation is analyzed in such a way that, under quantization, it furnishes a NC quantum theory with interesting results. The Dirac formalism for constrained Hamiltonian systems is considered and the object of noncommutativity $\theta^{ij}$ plays a fundamental role as an independent quantity. It is also explained about the generalized Dirac equation issue, that the fermionic field depends not only on the ordinary coordinates but on $\theta^{\mu\nu}$ as well. The dynamical symmetry content of such fermionic theory is discussed, and we show that its action is invariant under ${\cal P}'$. In the last part of this work we analyze the complex scalar fields using this new framework. As said above, in a first quantized formalism, $\theta^{\mu\nu}$ and its canonical momentum $\pi_{\mu\nu}$ are seen as operators living in some Hilbert space. In a second quantized formalism perspective, we show an explicit form for the extended Poincar\'e generators and the same algebra is generated via generalized Heisenberg relations. We also consider a source term and construct the general solution for the complex scalar fields using the Green function technique

Alterações nos níveis relativos de açúcares solúveis totais e de proteínas em plantas de milho infectadas com molicutes.

As doenças do milho causadas por molicutes (fitoplasma e espiroplasma) destacam-se em importância para a cultura, em conseqüência da alta incidência e dos prejuízos que causam à produção de grãos. Os molicutes infectam o floema das plantas; sendo assim, podem alterar a síntese de açúcares e proteínas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito dos molicutes na síntese de açúcares solúveis totais e de proteínas em duas cultivares de milho. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos de plástico contendo 30 kg solo previamente analisado e adubado, com duas plantas por vaso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um fatorial 3 x 2 inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições; sendo três inoculações (fitoplasma, espiroplasma e sadia) e duas cultivares (Dina 766 e BR 201). Trinta dias após a inoculação, foram realizadas medidas de temperatura foliar, umidade relativa, resistência estomática e transpiração. No estádio de grão leitoso, uma das plantas foi colhida e seccionada em três partes, para análise de açúcares solúveis totais, nutrientes e matéria seca. Foi realizada uma amostragem do internódio abaixo da primeira espiga e da folha bandeira, para determinação da atividade da peroxidase e do conteúdo proteíco. A planta restante foi conduzida até o final do ciclo, quando foram avaliados: número de espigas, peso de espigas e de grãos e matéria seca dos grãos. A análise de variância de todas as características avaliadas não detectou signifi-cância na interação cultivar x inoculação. Alguns parâmetros mostraram significância para cultivares, para inoculação ou para ambos. Açúcares solúveis, matéria seca, atividade da peroxidase e conteúdo protéico foram semelhantes em ambas as cultivares e nas inoculações. A resistência estomática foi maior para Dina 766 e nas plantas inoculadas por fitoplasma. A proliferação de espigas foi maior nas plantas inoculadas pelos molicutes que nas sadias. O peso de espigas e de grãos foi maior nas plantas sadias e com fitoplasma que naquelas infectadas por espiroplasma. Concentração de nutrientes e quantidade absorvida, em geral, foram semelhantes, excetuando P e Zn. Os molicutes não interferiram na concentração dos açúcares solúveis e no conteúdo proteíco total; entretanto, os dados de produtividade sugerem uma maior susceptibilidade das cultivares ao espiroplasma