Aleitamento materno e práticas alimentares de crianças menores de seis meses em Alfenas, Minas Gerais Breastfeeding and feeding practices for infants under six months of age from Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência da amamentação e avaliar o consumo de outros alimentos em crianças menores de seis meses em Alfenas, Estado de Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico transversal, realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar com uma amostra de 126 crianças nascidas em 2008. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de formulário com o recordatório de 24 horas da alimentação da criança e outras questões. Na análise dos dados, foi utilizado o Programa Epi Info, versão 6.04. Foi determinada a prevalência das diferentes categorias de amamentação (amamentação exclusiva, amamentação predominante, amamentação complementada e amamentação) segundo faixas etárias. O Teste de Fischer e o Teste qui-quadrado foram calculados na associação de variáveis com o aleitamento materno. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da amamentação exclusiva em crianças menores de seis meses foi de 37,3%. A introdução de alimentos semissólidos ocorreu acentuadamente a partir do quinto mês de vida. No sexto mês, 50,7% das crianças encontravam-se em amamentação complementada. As crianças menores de seis meses não amamentadas, comparadas com as amamentadas, apresentaram prevalências significativamente maiores quanto ao consumo de água, frutas e comida da família. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre a amamentação exclusiva até o sexto mês e as variáveis maternas estudadas. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de vários resultados deste estudo apresentarem-se superiores aos de outros municípios, a prevalência do aleitamento materno em Alfenas ainda está distante da recomendação de que crianças recebam exclusivamente leite materno até os seis meses de idade.<br>OBJECTIVE: This study determined the prevalence of breastfeeding and evaluated the consumption of other foods by infants under six months of age from Alfenas, Minas Gerais. METHODS: This cross-sectional, epidemiological study included 126 children born in 2008. The infants' caregivers were interviewed at home using the 24hrs recall and other questions to collect information on the infants' diets. The software Epi Info version 6.04 was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of different breastfeeding categories was determined (exclusive breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding, complementary breastfeeding and breastfeeding) based on age group. The Fisher's and chi-square tests were used to investigate possible associations between the variables and breastfeeding. RESULTS: The prevalence of breastfeeding in children under six months of age was 37.3%. Semi-solid foods were introduced abundantly during the infants' fifth month of age. In the sixth month, the diet of 50.7% of the children contained complementary foods in addition to breast milk. The prevalence of water, fruit and family food intakes among non-breastfed infants under six months of age was significantly higher that of their breastfed counterparts. There were no significant differences between exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months and the studied maternal variables. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of an infant's life in Alfenas is higher than that of other cities, it still needs plenty of improvement to meet the recommendation that infants should be exclusively breastfed in that period

Pró-letramento: experiências pedagógicas em matemática e linguagem

O livro trata das relações da Unesp com o programa “Pró-Letramento – Mobilização pela Qualidade da Educação”, realizado pelo Ministério da Educação e Cultura (MEC) em parceria com universidades que integram a Rede Nacional de Formação Continuada. Trata-se de um programa voltado para professores com vista à melhoria da qualidade do ensino e da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita em Matemática e Linguagem nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. O papel das universidades é o de principalmente servirem como centros de pesquisa e de criação de atividades, sendo o corpo de pesquisadores da Unesp composto por especialistas nas áreas de Matemática, Linguagem e Educação em geral, que atuam inclusive com o apoio da educação a distância. Desde a criação do Pró-Letramento, em 2006, a Unesp está envolvida, por exemplo, com a formatação de cursos e com a elaboração do material a ser utilizado, baseado sempre na problematização dos conteúdos e das práticas cotidianas dos professores. Esse material traz ainda orientações de atividades a serem desenvolvidas entre os professores e aplicadas em sala de aula

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data