HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BREWERY SPENT GRAINS IN DIETARY PROTEIN FORMULATION IN DONRYU RATS

The increasing production of large tonnage of products in brewing industries continually generates lots of solid waste which includes spent grains, surplus yeast, malt sprout and cullet. The disposal of spent grains is often a problem and poses major health and environmental challenges, thereby making it imminently necessary to explore alternatives for its management. This paper focuses on investigating the effects of Brewery Spent Grain formulated diet on haematological, biochemical, histological and growth performance of Donryu rats. The rats were allocated into six dietary treatment groups and fed on a short-term study with diet containing graded levels of spent grains from 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 100% weight/weight. The outcome demonstrated that formulated diet had a positive effect on the growth performance of the rats up to levels of 6% inclusions, while the haematological and biochemical evaluation revealed that threshold limit should not exceed 9% of the grain. However, the histological study on the liver indicated a limit of 3% inclusion in feed without serious adverse effect. Thus invariably showing that blend between ranges 1-3% is appropriate for the utilization of the waste in human food without adverse effect on the liver organ. The economic advantage accruing from this waste conversion process not only solves problem of waste disposal but also handle issues of malnutrition in feeding ration

Microwave assisted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 2-quinoxalinone-3-hydrazone derivatives

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of various 2-quinoxalinone-3-hydrazone derivatives using microwave irradiation technique. The series of 2-quinoxalinone-3-hydrazone derivatives synthesized, were structurally confirmed by analytical and spectral data and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. The results showed that this skeletal framework exhibited marked potency as antimicrobial agents. The most active antibacterial agent was 3-{2-[1-(6-chloro-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinyl}quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 7 while 3-[2-(propan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl]quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, 2 appeared to be the most active antifungal agent

Lead accumulation by hammerhead shark, Sphyrna couardi (C.) off Lagos coast, Nigeria

Levels of concentration of lead in the hammerhead shark, Sphyrna couardi, off the Lagos Coast of Nigeria were investigated. The standard length of the specimens examined ranged from 31.4cm to 47.2cm while the weights ranged from 451.5 to 1,667g. The lead concentration ranged from 0.11 degree kg/G to 0.38 degree kg/G. The mean lead concentration was 0.56 degree kg/G (dry weight). The gill has the highest lead concentration. There was no linear correlation between the length and weight and the amount of lead concentrate

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PYRAZOL-1-YLQUINOXALIN-2(1H)-ONE DERIVATIVES

3-Hydrazinoquinoxalin-2(1H)-one was prepared from quinoxaline-2,3-dione and subsequently used for the synthesis of some potentially biologically active 3-(pyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives. While 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one showed a comparative effect with streptomycin, 3-(5-oxo-3-phenyl-4,5-di- hydropyrazol-1-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one was found to be the most active with an MIC value of 7.8 μg/ml

Physical characterisation of some honey samples from North-Central Nigeria

Some physicochemical properties (water content, sugar content, viscosity, pH and conductivity) were determined for honey samples from North-Central Nigeria to evaluate their global behaviour and comparison with other honey samples. The water content and sugar content varied within the range of (18.22 - 36.82%) and (63.82 - 80.25%)respectively. The pH increased with increase in water content and the conductivities of the samples had correlation with proportion of minor constituents in the honey samples. The relationship among water content (w), temperature (t) and viscosity (η) for different honey samples of may be represented as η = 17.678× 1000 exp (-0.32w - 0.088t). The temperature dependence of viscosity was evaluated with Arrhenius model, the activation energy with value of 70.07 kJ/g is fairly unaffected by moisture content

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Gas Turbine Power Plant Modelled with an Evaporative Cooler

Performance of a gas turbine is mainly depends on the inlet air temperature. The power output of a gas turbine depends on the flow of mass through it. Inlet air cooling increases the power output by taking advantage of the gas turbine’s feature of higher mass flow rate when the compressor inlet temperature decreases. This is precisely the reason why on hot days, when air is less dense, power output falls off. A rise of 1°C temperature of inlet air decreases the power output by 1%. In this paper the performance enhancement of gas turbine power plants by cooling the compressor intake air with an evaporative cooler is studied. This study investigated the effect of inlet air cooling system on the performance of an existing gas turbine power plant in Nigeria. The results show that for each 5oC decrease of inlet air temperature, net output power increases around 5-10% and the first and second law efficiencies increase around 2-5%. It is shown that the amount of this increase is higher when the pressure ratio is high and turbine inlet temperature is low. The results of this study shows that retrofitting of the existing gas turbine plant with inlet air cooling system gives a better system performance and may prove to be an attractive investment opportunity to the Nigeria government and stakeholders of the plant

Adsorption Behaviour of [(4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-2Hpyran- 3-yl)-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1methyl]-urea on Stainless Steel in Phosphoric Media

The adsorption of [(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl)-(4-methoxy-phenyl)- methyl]-urea on iron in phosphoric media was studied by using electrochemical technique. The adsorption mechanism was investigated using adsorption isotherms. The experimental data fit localized adsorption models. The values for free energy of adsorption, o DGads , were also calculated at each surface coverage, �, of the studied compound by applying the mathematical model of Bockris – Swinkels adsorption isotherm. The variation of free energy of adsorption o ads DG with surface coverage, �, was interpreted in terms of deviation from ideal condition assumed in Langmuir model. A possible adsorption model of HPU2 molecules on to the metal surface was suggested

Preliminary studies on the seed oil of Caryota mitis: Proximate composition, phytochemical screening and evaluation of antimicrobial activity.

There are many varieties of seeds and nuts that can produce oils for food, nutraceuticals, skin care prod-ucts, aromatherapies, fuels and industrial lubricants. In this present study, the oil from the seed of Caryota mitis was extracted by soxhlet extraction and investigated to promote its quality aspects for biodiversity. The structural characterization of the oil was carried out using physico-chemical analyses and spectroscopic means such as FR-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR as well as mass spectral data. The phytochemical screening of the oil from Caryota mitis seed species revealed the presence of phytosterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. The proximate analysis showed the moisture content to be 42%, while crude fibre, carbohydrate, crude fat, crude protein and ash content was found to be 34.30%, 11.92%, 5.30%, 4.64% and 1.84% respectively on dry matter basis. The mineral content determination revealed the presence of iron (3.10 ± 0.02 mg/kg), manganese (0.11 ± 0.01 mg/kg), sodium (154.15 ± 1.98 mg/kg) and potassium (127.04 ± 1.21 mg/kg) while cadmium, nickel and lead were not detected. The in vitro antimicrobial screening on the oil, showed that it has promising antimicrobial potential on the organism tested but it was not as active as the clinical standards used. This oil is therefore, a candidate for further study in terms of the cytotoxicity profile and its ability to be used as functional food for proper exploration of its nutraceutical endowment

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and toxicology study of some metal complexes of mixed antibiotics

Mixed ligand metal complexes of ampicillin and chloramphenicol prepared by using Ni(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) metal chloride hexahydrate were reported and characterized based on some physical properties and spectroscopic analysis such as AAS, UV, and IR spectroscopy. The complexes were proposed to have the formulae [ML1L2](Cl)n ( where M= Ni(II), Co(II), Fe(III); L1 = ampicillin, L2 = chloramphenicol, and n=2-3). IR spectra suggested that both L1 and L2 coordinated to the metal ions in a terdentate manner with �(O-H), �(C=O) and �(N-H) as donor sites in each of the ligands. From analytical and spectroscopic data obtained, the complexes were proposed to be of octahedral. The synthesized complexes, in compares to their ligands, were also screened for their antibacterial activity against isolated strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia by using agar diffusion method. The activity data showed the metal complexes to be more potent antibacterial than the parent drugs against the three bacteria species. However, toxicology tests against some tissues of albino rat (Rattus novergicuss) revealed toxicity of the complexes as compared to the parent drugs because the complexes were found to significantly increase (P<0.05) alkaline phosphatase from homogenates of liver and kidney tissues of the tested doses. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in ALP of rat serum. The results generally indicated that more potent compounds with better physical properties and enhanced antimicrobial activities upon complexation have been prepared

Fe(III) and Co(II) complexes of mixed antibiotics: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial potential and their effect on alkaline phosphatase activities of selected rat tissues

Two new mixed ligand metal complexes of Fe(III) and Co(II) chloride hexahydrate salts were prepared using standard methods. Ampicillin trihydrate and oxytetracycline hydrochloride antibiotics were used as ligands. Chemical analysis including conductivity measurements, molecular weight determination and spectroscopic studies were used to propose the geometry and mode of binding of the ligands to metal ions. Both ligands were proposed to coordinate to metal ions in ratio 1:1:1 in the complexes. Each of the ligands acted as terdentate ligand. Inhibition properties as well as toxicity effect of administration of the metal complexes at the dose of 3.33 mg/kg body weight thrice daily for 5 days on the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities on rat kidney, liver and serum were evaluated. The inhibitory properties of the complexes were found to be significantly different (P<0.05) at the concentration of 1%(w/v) as compared to each of the ligands. The complexes were found to significantly increase (P0.05) in ALP from liver and kidney sera. The results indicated that more potent compounds with better physical properties and enhanced antimicrobial activities upon complexation have been prepared