New In Vitro Studies on the Bioprofile of Genista tenera Antihyperglycemic Extract

ABSTRACT: The inhibition of α-glucosidase and glucose-6-phosphatase, two enzymes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism, is an important target to control glycaemia on individuals with type 2 diabetes. In this work we report for the first time the inhibition of both enzymes by the antihyperglycemic n-butanol extract from Genista tenera (Fabaceae). This extract decreased α-glucosidase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities to 0.97 and 80.25 %, respectively, being more effective than acarbose, and phlorizin, the positive controls, which reduced enzymes activities only to 17.39 and 96.06 %. Once inflammation and oxidative stress are related to diabetic impairments, the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was also evaluated, through its inhibitory activity over COX-1 enzyme (47.5 % inhibition). Moreover, after induction of oxidative stress by UV radiation, the viability of irradiated rat liver hepatoma cells exposed to the extract was significantly higher (67.82 %) than that promoted by ascorbic acid, the positive control (45.05 %). In addition, the stability of the extract under gastrointestinal conditions was evaluated by HPLC–DAD-ESI–MS/MS. Flavonoid diglycosides were identified as the main constituents of the extract, and no alterations in the chemical composition nor in the antioxidant activity were observed after in vitro digestion with artificial gastric and pancreatic juices. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text

One-year outcomes after discharge from noncardiac surgery and association between pre-discharge complications and death after discharge: analysis of the VISION prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In prior analyses, myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, major bleeding, and sepsis were independently associated with most deaths in the 30 days after noncardiac surgery, but most of these deaths occurred during the index hospitalization for surgery. We set out to describe outcomes after discharge from hospital up to one year after inpatient noncardiac surgery and associations between pre-discharge complications and post-discharge death up to one year after surgery. METHODS: Analysis of patients discharged after inpatient noncardiac surgery in a large international prospective cohort study across 28 centers from 2007-2013 of patients aged ≥45 years followed to one year after surgery. We estimated 1) the cumulative post-discharge incidence of death and other outcomes up to a year after surgery and 2) the adjusted time-varying associations between post-discharge death and pre-discharge complications including myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, major bleeding, sepsis, infection without sepsis, stroke, congestive heart failure, clinically important atrial fibrillation or flutter, amputation, venous thromboembolism, and acute kidney injury managed with dialysis. RESULTS: Among 38,898 patients discharged after surgery, the cumulative one-year incidence was 5.8% (95% CI, 5.5-6.0%) for all-cause death and 24.7% (24.2-25.1%) for all-cause hospital readmission. Pre-discharge complications were associated with 33.7% (27.2-40.2%) of deaths up to 30 days after discharge and 15.0% (12.0-17.9%) up to one year. Most of the association with death was due to myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (15.6% [9.3-21.9%) of deaths within 30 days, 6.4% [4.1-8.7%] within one year), major bleeding (15.0% [8.3-21.7%] within 30 days, 4.7% [2.2-7.2%] within one year), and sepsis (5.4% [2.2-8.6%] within 30 days, 2.1% [1.0-3.1%] within one year). CONCLUSIONS: One in 18 patients ≥45 years old discharged after inpatient noncardiac surgery died within one year and one quarter were readmitted to hospital. The risk of death associated with pre-discharge perioperative complications persists for weeks to months after discharge

Venous thromboembolism does not share familial susceptibility with retinal vascular occlusion or glaucoma : a nationwide family study

Inherited hypercoagulable states (i.e. thrombophilia) have been suggested to be involved in retinal vascular occlusion but results are divergent. Vascular micronutrition and ischemia have been hypothesised to be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This nationwide study determines the importance of family history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) as a risk factor for retinal vein occlusion (RVO), retinal artery occlusion (RAO), primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). A total of 6,007,042 Swedish individuals were studied. Data from the Swedish Multigeneration Register for subjects aged 0–78 years old for the period 1997–2010 were linked to the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register and the Hospital Outpatient Register. Main exposure measure was family history of VTE in first-degree relatives (parents and/or siblings). Main outcomes were hazard ratios (HRs) for RVO, RAO, POAG, and PACG. During follow-up 9036 individuals developed RVO, 2137 individuals developed RAO, 29,176 individuals developed POAG and 1498 individuals developed PACG. There was no association between family history of VTE and risk of RVO (HR = 1.04, 95 % CI 0.98–1.10), RAO (HR = 1.00, 95 % CI 0.89–1.13), POAG (HR = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.93–0.99), and PACG (HR = 0.92, 95 % CI 0.80–1.06) in the crude age and sex adjusted model. The results were similar in the fully adjusted model: RVO (HR = 1.04, 95 % CI 0.99–1.11), RAO (HR = 1.01, 95 % CI 0.89–1.13), POAG (HR = 0.97, 95 % CI 0.94–1.00), and PACG (HR = 0.91, 95 % CI 0.79–1.05). Family history of VTE is not a risk factor for RVO, RAO, POAG and PACG. Thus, it is unlikely that strong and common genetic variants associated with VTE are of importance for these disorders

Progress in Myrtacease genetics and genomics: Eucalyptus as the pivotal genus

The status of genomics and genetics research in the Myrtaceae, a large family of dicotyledonous woody plants, is reviewed with Eucalyptus as the focal genus. The family contains over 5,650 species in 130 to 150 genera, predominantly of neo-tropical and Southern Hemisphere distribution. Several genera are well known for their economic importance worldwide. Myrtaceae are typically diploids with small to intermediate genome size. Microsatellites have been developed for several genera while higher throughput marker systems such as diversity arrays technology and single nucleotide polymorphism are available for Eucalyptus. Molecular data have been fundamental to current perspectives on the phylogeny, phylogeography and taxonomy of the Myrtaceae, while numerous studies of genetic diversity have been carried out particularly as it relates to endangered, rare, fragmented, overharvested or economically important species. Large expressed sequence tag collections for species of Eucalyptus have recently become public to support the annotation of the Eucalyptus grandis genome. Transcriptomics in Eucalyptus has advanced by microarrays and next-generation sequencing focusing on wood development. Linkage maps for Eucalyptus display high synteny across species and have been extensively used to map quantitative trait loci for a number of traits including growth, wood quality, disease and insect resistance. Candidate gene-based association genetics have successfully found marker–trait associations for wood and fiber traits. Genomic selection experiments have demonstrated clear potential to improve the efficiency of breeding programs while freeze-tolerant transgenic Eucalyptus trials have recently been initiated. The recently released E. grandis genome, sequenced to an average coverage of 8�, will open up exceptional opportunities to advance Myrtaceae genetics and genomics research