Predictors of Stunting, Wasting and Underweight among Tanzanian Children Born to HIV-Infected Women.

Children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are susceptible to undernutrition, but modifiable risk factors and the time course of the development of undernutrition have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to identify maternal, socioeconomic and child characteristics that are associated with stunting, wasting and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected mothers, followed from 6 weeks of age for 24 months. Maternal and socioeconomic characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, data pertaining to the infant's birth were collected immediately after delivery, morbidity histories and anthropometric measurements were performed monthly. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess the association between potential predictors and the time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight. A total of 2387 infants (54.0% male) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21.2 months. The respective prevalence of prematurity (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g) was 15.2% and 7.0%; 11.3% of infants were HIV-positive at 6 weeks. Median time to first episode of stunting, wasting and underweight was 8.7, 7.2 and 7.0 months, respectively. Low maternal education, few household possessions, low infant birth weight, child HIV infection and male sex were all independent predictors of stunting, wasting and underweight. In addition, preterm infants were more likely to become wasted and underweight, whereas those with a low Apgar score at birth were more likely to become stunted. Interventions to improve maternal education and nutritional status, reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and increase birth weight may lower the risk of undernutrition among children born to HIV-infected women

Perspective on Reversible to Irreversible Transitions in Periodic Driven Many Body Systems and Future Directions For Classical and Quantum Systems

Reversible to irreversible (R-IR) transitions arise in numerous periodically driven collectively interacting systems that, after a certain number of driving cycles, organize into a reversible state where the particle trajectories repeat, or remain irreversible with chaotic motion. R-IR transitions were first systematically studied for periodically sheared dilute colloids, and appear in a wide variety of both soft and hard matter systems, including amorphous solids, crystals, vortices in type-II superconductors, and magnetic textures. In some cases, the reversible transition is an absorbing phase transition with a critical divergence in the organization time scale. R-IR systems can store multiple memories and exhibit return point memory. We give an overview of R-IR transitions including recent advances in the field, and discuss how the general framework of R-IR transitions could be applied to a much broader class of periodically driven nonequilibrium systems, including soft and hard condensed matter systems, astrophysics, biological systems, and social systems. Some likely candidate systems are commensurate-incommensurate states, systems exhibiting hysteresis or avalanches, and nonequilibrium pattern forming states. Periodic driving could be applied to hard condensed matter systems to see if R-IR transitions occur in metal-insulator transitions, semiconductors, electron glasses, electron nematics, cold atom systems, or Bose-Einstein condensates. R-IR transitions could also be examined in dynamical systems where synchronization or phase locking occurs. We discuss the use of complex periodic driving such as changing drive directions or multiple frequencies as a method to retain complex multiple memories. Finally, we describe features of classical and quantum time crystals that could suggest the occurrence of R-IR transitions in these systems.Comment: 25 pages, 27 figure

Phase diagram of multiferroic KCu3_3As2_2O7_7(OD)3_3

The layered compound KCu$_3$As$_2$O$_7$(OD)$_3$, comprising distorted kagome planes of $S=1/2$ Cu$^{2+}$ ions, is a recent addition to the family of type-II multiferroics. Previous zero field neutron diffraction work has found two helically ordered regimes in \kns, each showing a distinct coupling between the magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters. Here, we extend this work to magnetic fields up to $20$~T using neutron powder diffraction, capacitance, polarization, and high-field magnetization measurements, hence determining the $H-T$ phase diagram. We find metamagnetic transitions in both low temperatures phases around $\mu_0 H_c \sim 3.7$~T, which neutron powder diffraction reveals to correspond to a rotation of the helix plane away from the easy plane, as well as a small change in the propagation vector. Furthermore, we show that the sign of the ferroelectric polarization is reversible in a magnetic field, although no change is observed (or expected on the basis of the magnetic structure) due to the transition at $3.7$~T. We finally justify the temperature dependence of the polarization in both zero-field ordered phases by a symmetry analysis of the free energy expansion

Recovery from severe mental health problems: a systematic review of service user and informal caregiver perspectives

Introduction: The recovery approach aims to have users' perspectives at the heart of service development and research; it is a holistic perspective that considers social needs, personal growth and inclusion. In the last decade recovery-oriented research and practice has increased greatly, however, a comprehensive model of recovery considering exclusively the perspectives of people with lived experience has not been devised. Aims: This review aimed to develop a framework and contextualize service users' and informal caregivers' understanding of recovery from severe mental health problems. Methods: We systematically searched 6 databases including key terms related to knowledge, experience and narratives AND mental health AND personal recovery. The search was supplemented with reference sourcing through gray literature, reference tracking and expert consultation. Data analysis consisted of a qualitative meta-synthesis using constant comparative methods. Results: Sixty-two studies were analyzed. A pattern emerged regarding the recovery paradigms that the studies used to frame their findings. The resulting recovery framework included the domains Social recovery; Prosperity (Legal, political, and economic recovery); Individual Recovery; and Clinical Recovery Experience (SPICE). Service users' definitions of recovery tended to prioritize social aspects, particularly being accepted and connecting with others, while caregivers focused instead on clinical definitions of recovery such as symptom remission. Both groups emphasized individual aspects such as becoming self-sufficient and achieving personal goals, which was strongly linked with having economic means for independence. Conclusions: The recovery model provided by this review offers a template for further research in the field and a guide for policy and practice. Predominant definitions of recovery currently reflect understandings of mental health which focus on an individual perspective, while this review found an important emphasis on socio-political aspects. At the same time, only a small number of studies took place in low-income countries, focused on minoritized populations, or included caregivers' perspectives. These are important gaps in the literature that require further attention. Systematic Review Registration: The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42017076450); https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=76450

Strong quantum fluctuation of vortices in the new superconductor MgB2MgB_2

By using transport and magnetic measurement, the upper critical field $H_{c2}(T)$ and the irreversibility line $H_{irr}(T)$ has been determined. A big separation between $H_{c2}(0)$ and $H_{irr}(0)$ has been found showing the existence of a quantum vortex liquid state induced by quantum fluctuation of vortices in the new superconductor $MgB_2$. Further investigation on the magnetic relaxation shows that both the quantum tunneling and the thermally activated flux creep weakly depends on temperature. But when the melting field $H_{irr}$ is approached, a drastic rising of the relaxation rate is observed. This may imply that the melting of the vortex matter at a finite temperature is also induced by the quantum fluctuation of vortices.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Non-overlapping Distributed Tracking System Utilizing Particle Filter

Tracking people across multiple cameras is a challenging research area in visual computing, especially when these cameras have non-overlapping field of views. The important task is to associate a current subject with other prior appearances of the same subject across time and space in a camera network. Several known techniques rely on Bayesian approaches to perform the matching task. However, these approaches do not scale well when the dimension of the problem increases; e.g. when the number of subject or possible path increases. The aim of this paper is to propose a unified tracking framework using particle filters to efficiently switch between visual tracking (field of view tracking) and track prediction (non-overlapping region tracking). The particle filter tracking system utilizes a map (known environment) to assist the tracking process when targets leave the field of view of any camera. We implemented and tested this tracking approach in an in-house multiple cameras system as well as using on-line data. Promising results were obtained which suggested the feasibility of such an approach

Nucleation of Stable Superconductivity in YBCO-Films

By means of the linear dynamic conductivity, inductively measured on epitaxial films between 30mHz and 30 MHz, the transition line $T_g (B)$ to generic superconductivity is studied in fields between B=0 and 19T. It follows closely the melting line $T_m (B)$ described recently in terms of a blowout of thermal vortex loops in clean materials. The critical exponents of the correlation length and time near $T_g (B)$, however, seem to be dominated by some intrinsic disorder. Columnar defects produced by heavy-ion irradiation up to field-equivalent-doses of $B_{\phi} = 10T$ lead to a disappointing reduction of $T_g (B \to 0)$ while for $B>B_{\phi}$ the generic line of the pristine film is recovered. These novel results are also discussed in terms of a loop-driven destruction of generic superconductivity.Comment: 11 pages including 7 EPS figures, accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the Spring Meeting of the German Physical Society, Muenster 1999,Festkoerperprobleme/Advances in Solid State Physics 199

Is there a vortex-glass transition in high-temperature superconductors?

We show that DC voltage versus current measurements of a YBCO micro-bridge in a magnetic field can be collapsed onto scaling functions proposed by Fisher, Fisher, and Huse, as is widely reported in the literature. We find, however, that good data collapse is achieved for a wide range of critical exponents and temperatures. These results strongly suggest that agreement with scaling alone does not prove the existence of a phase transition. We propose a criterion to determine if the data collapse is valid, and thus if a phase transition occurs. To our knowledge, none of the data reported in the literature meet our criterion.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Ultrametric spaces of branches on arborescent singularities

Let $S$ be a normal complex analytic surface singularity. We say that $S$ is arborescent if the dual graph of any resolution of it is a tree. Whenever $A,B$ are distinct branches on $S$, we denote by $A \cdot B$ their intersection number in the sense of Mumford. If $L$ is a fixed branch, we define $U_L(A,B)= (L \cdot A)(L \cdot B)(A \cdot B)^{-1}$ when $A \neq B$ and $U_L(A,A) =0$ otherwise. We generalize a theorem of P{\l}oski concerning smooth germs of surfaces, by proving that whenever $S$ is arborescent, then $U_L$ is an ultrametric on the set of branches of $S$ different from $L$. We compute the maximum of $U_L$, which gives an analog of a theorem of Teissier. We show that $U_L$ encodes topological information about the structure of the embedded resolutions of any finite set of branches. This generalizes a theorem of Favre and Jonsson concerning the case when both $S$ and $L$ are smooth. We generalize also from smooth germs to arbitrary arborescent ones their valuative interpretation of the dual trees of the resolutions of $S$. Our proofs are based in an essential way on a determinantal identity of Eisenbud and Neumann.Comment: 37 pages, 16 figures. Compared to the first version on Arxiv, il has a new section 4.3, accompanied by 2 new figures. Several passages were clarified and the typos discovered in the meantime were correcte

High burden of tuberculosis infection and disease among people receiving medication-assisted treatment for substance use disorder in Tanzania

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease and infection as well as incident TB disease among people who use drugs (PWUD) attending Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) clinics in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, a total of 901 consenting participants were enrolled from November 2016 to February 2017 and a structured questionnaire administered to them through the open data kit application on android tablets. Twenty-two months later, we revisited the MAT clinics and reviewed 823 of the 901 enrolled participant's medical records in search for documentation on TB disease diagnosis and treatment. Medical records reviewed included those of participants whom at enrolment were asymptomatic, not on TB disease treatment, not on TB preventive therapy and those who had a documented tuberculin skin test (TST) result. RESULTS: Of the 823 medical records reviewed 22 months after enrolment, 42 had documentation of being diagnosed with TB disease and initiated on TB treatment. This is equivalent to a TB disease incidence rate of 2,925.2 patients per 100,000 person years with a total follow up time of 1,440 person-years. At enrolment the prevalence of TB disease and TB infection was 2.6% and 54% respectively and the HIV prevalence was 44% and 16% among females and males respectively. CONCLUSION: PWUD attending MAT clinics bear an extremely high burden of TB and HIV and are known to have driven TB epidemics in a number of countries. Our reported TB disease incidence is 12 times that of the general Tanzanian incidence of 237 per 100,000 further emphasizing that this group should be prioritized for TB screening, testing and treatment. Gender specific approaches should also be developed as female PWUDs are markedly more affected with HIV and TB disease than male PWUDs