Consumer protection of digital financial services in Russia and abroad

Purpose: The purpose of the chapter to study the features of the legal regulation of consumer protection of digital banking in the European Union, USA, China and Russia. In 2019, the Internet user audience in Russia amounted to 90 million people (75.4% of the country’s adult population). More than 50% of the European population (250 million people) and 40% of the Chinese population (approximately 560 million people) use digital banking in everyday life. Therefore, the protection of the rights of consumers of digital financial services are facing governments of all countries of the world. Design/methodology/approach: In this chapter, the authors studied and analyzed the provisions of legislation, judicial practice, the doctrines of the European Union, the USA, China, and the Russian Federation. Findings: It is shown that the legal regulation of consumer protection of digital financial services should not be too strict and excessive. Excessive regulation causes digital financial service providers to travel to other countries where regulation is milder or absent altogether, which happened in the United States in 2018. The government had to cancel some very tough provisions of Dodd-Frank 2010. On the other hand, the comparatively lenient regulation of the distribution of digital banking services, for example in China, has led to the emergence of a number of fraudulent schemes in the field of Internet banking. Under pressure from the indignant public, the Chinese government had to take urgent measures to rectify the situation Originality/value: The novelty lies in the analysis of a number of regulatory acts, including: acts of the European Union (Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data; Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on EU-wide payment services (PSD2)); the USA (Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (2010); Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (2018) (EGRRCPA)); China (General Rules of the Civil Law of China; Law of Consumer Rights and Interests; Cybersecurity Law 2017) and the Russian Federation (Law “On Protection of Consumer Rights” of 07.02.1992 (as amended on March 18, 2019)). © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Consumer Protection of Digital Financial Services in Russia and Abroad

Purpose: The purpose of the chapter to study the features of the legal regulation of consumer protection of digital banking in the European Union, USA, China and Russia. In 2019, the Internet user audience in Russia amounted to 90 million people (75.4% of the country's adult population). More than 50% of the European population (250 million people) and 40% of the Chinese population (approximately 560 million people) use digital banking in everyday life. Therefore, the protection of the rights of consumers of digital financial services are facing governments of all countries of the world. Design/methodology/approach: In this chapter, the authors studied and analyzed the provisions of legislation, judicial practice, the doctrines of the European Union, the USA, China, and the Russian Federation. Findings: It is shown that the legal regulation of consumer protection of digital financial services should not be too strict and excessive. Excessive regulation causes digital financial service providers to travel to other countries where regulation is milder or absent altogether, which happened in the United States in 2018. The government had to cancel some very tough provisions of Dodd-Frank 2010. On the other hand, the comparatively lenient regulation of the distribution of digital banking services, for example in China, has led to the emergence of a number of fraudulent schemes in the field of Internet banking. Under pressure from the indignant public, the Chinese government had to take urgent measures to rectify the situation Originality/value: The novelty lies in the analysis of a number of regulatory acts, including: acts of the European Union (Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data; Directive (EU) 2015/2366 on EU-wide payment services (PSD2)); the USA (Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (2010); Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (2018) (EGRRCPA)); China (General Rules of the Civil Law of China; Law of Consumer Rights and Interests; Cybersecurity Law 2017) and the Russian Federation (Law “On Protection of Consumer Rights” of 07.02.1992 (as amended on March 18, 2019))

Antitrust Law Indemnity in the Russian Federation

In today’s globalized world, in which many commodity markets are striving for economic concentration, antitrust laws are designed to effectively ensure the unity of the economic space, the free movement of goods, the freedom of economic activity, the protection of competition, including the prevention and suppression of monopolistic activity, and the creation of conditions for the effective functioning of commodity markets. To achieve these goals, antitrust laws include both public and private law institutions. However, despite this, the existing public law instruments of antitrust laws are not widely spread in Russia. The main objective of the study is to consider the possibilities of applying civil law remedies, in particular, the compensation for damages when committing antitrust offenses in Russia and abroad. The accomplishment of this task will allow achieving the key goal of the research - identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the current Russian legislation, existing judicial practice, familiarizing the experience of foreign countries in the field of competition protection among a significant circle of lawyers. The authors used a set of philosophical, general, scientific, specific scientific methods of knowledge of theoretical and empirical material. In the course of the present study, a dialectical materialist method was used, which allows to study the norms of antitrust, civil, arbitration law of procedure in their interrelation, interdependence, contradiction, taking into account comprehensiveness and objectivity in the study. Using the method of comparative legal research, the authors studied the level of development of the use of private law instruments of antitrust law in Russia, the United States and the European Union countries, as well as the dynamics of changing approaches to proving the validity of damages when committing anti-competitive acts. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, systemic) and private scientific (historical, comparative legal, formal legal, technical legal, social modeling of research) cognition methods were used. The comparative legal research proposed by the authors allows to define the main directions for comprehensive improvement of legal norms in various branches of law, eliminate legal uncertainty in the area of ​​damages caused as a result of violating antitrust laws, creating a favorable competitive environment, to optimize the antitrust service and the judicial system. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG

The elemental and biochemical profiles of disabled athletes

The aim of the research was to study the elemental and biochemical profiles of disabled athletes. Male athletes of sledge hockey club took part in the research. The control group consisted of men not going in for sports and working in hazardous industry. Methods. Biochemical blood characteristics were determined using a biochemical analyzer CS-T240 ("Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd", China). The study of hair trace elements content was carried out in the laboratory "Center for Biotic Medicine" (Moscow) using atomic-emission and mass spectrometry methods by means of Elan 9000 mass spectrometer and Optima 2000 V atomic-emission spectrometer. Data processing was carried out using the methods of variation statistics and by means of statistical package StatSoft STATISTICA 6.1.478 Russian, Enterprise Single. Results. Biochemical blood test of sledge hockey players showed higher level of glucose (p = 0.003), lower values of the common protein (p = 0.01), creatinine (p = 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.005) and cholesterin (p = 0.005) in comparison with the control group. When comparing the elemental composition of hair of the sledge hockey players with the control group, higher content of Na by 2.3 times (p = 0.008), p by 2.5 times (p = 0.001) and P by 1.2 times (p = 0.001) in athletes was reveled. Fe level by 2.9 times (p = 0.001), I by 3.4 times (p = 0.001) and Ni by 2.8 times (p = 0.003) was lower, than in the control group. Besides, athletes had the lower level of Cr in 2.5 times (p = 0.0001) and V in 4.3 times (p = 0.0001). Conclusion. To maintain the health and athletic form of sledge hockey players, it is necessary to use specialized mineral complexes taking into account indicators of individual elemental status, biochemical profile and peculiarities of biogeochemical area. © 2018 Northern State Medical University. All rights reserved

The elemental and biochemical profiles of disabled athletes

The aim of the research was to study the elemental and biochemical profiles of disabled athletes. Male athletes of sledge hockey club took part in the research. The control group consisted of men not going in for sports and working in hazardous industry. Methods. Biochemical blood characteristics were determined using a biochemical analyzer CS-T240 ("Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd", China). The study of hair trace elements content was carried out in the laboratory "Center for Biotic Medicine" (Moscow) using atomic-emission and mass spectrometry methods by means of Elan 9000 mass spectrometer and Optima 2000 V atomic-emission spectrometer. Data processing was carried out using the methods of variation statistics and by means of statistical package StatSoft STATISTICA 6.1.478 Russian, Enterprise Single. Results. Biochemical blood test of sledge hockey players showed higher level of glucose (p = 0.003), lower values of the common protein (p = 0.01), creatinine (p = 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.005) and cholesterin (p = 0.005) in comparison with the control group. When comparing the elemental composition of hair of the sledge hockey players with the control group, higher content of Na by 2.3 times (p = 0.008), p by 2.5 times (p = 0.001) and P by 1.2 times (p = 0.001) in athletes was reveled. Fe level by 2.9 times (p = 0.001), I by 3.4 times (p = 0.001) and Ni by 2.8 times (p = 0.003) was lower, than in the control group. Besides, athletes had the lower level of Cr in 2.5 times (p = 0.0001) and V in 4.3 times (p = 0.0001). Conclusion. To maintain the health and athletic form of sledge hockey players, it is necessary to use specialized mineral complexes taking into account indicators of individual elemental status, biochemical profile and peculiarities of biogeochemical area. © 2018 Northern State Medical University. All rights reserved

The role of investments for the economy of the Russian Federation

© 2020, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved. The article analyzes the concept of investments, their forms, types, as well as the impact on the economic climate in the country via comparative quantitative research methods. As a result, the characteristic of the structure of the main investing countries in the economy of Russia, the recipient countries of direct investments from the Russian Federation is given and a high percentage of the process of investing in a country is the returning capital of organizations from abroad. In conclusion, investments are the lever of progressive formation and positive actions for economic processes in the country

The role of investments for the economy of the Russian Federation [El papel de las inversiones para la economía de la federación de rusia]

The article analyzes the concept of investments, their forms, types, as well as the impact on the economic climate in the country via comparative quantitative research methods. As a result, the characteristic of the structure of the main investing countries in the economy of Russia, the recipient countries of direct investments from the Russian Federation is given and a high percentage of the process of investing in a country is the returning capital of organizations from abroad. In conclusion, investments are the lever of progressive formation and positive actions for economic processes in the country. © 2020, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved