Analysis of dynamic path loss based on the RSSI model for rupture location analysis in underground wireless sensor networks and its implications for Earthquake Early Warning System (EEWS)

Sensors deployed in underground tunnels found that radio frequency signals suffer significant signal strength attenuation which can result in considerable variation of link quality on the receiving end. This study analyzes the received signal strength index (RSSI) based on  the development of a theoretical wireless sensor model for  data  collection by  enabling  sensors  to  determine  the  location  from  which  each  data packet is obtained. To improve positioning accuracy, the complex radio wave propagation environment requires the use of a voronoi cell to minimize signal attenuation. A relatively simple calculation is used to predict the intensity and perception range of the received wireless signals to measure the extent of signal reduction in the attenuating rock medium. Simulation results show that RSSI-based localization and wireless network lifetime and throughput measurements are more accurate when the node concept is applied to the self-locating rupture zones than the maximum likelihood estimation method. The proposed minimum energy relay routing technique based on beacon node chain deployment is found to help correct localization errors resulting from interference caused by the underground tunnel environment. The extent of localization and power of the sensor nodes are determined based on the beacon node chain deployment of tunnel wireless sensor networks. The algorithm accounts for the distance and the corresponding RSSI between adjacent beacon nodes to calculate the actual path loss parameter in the tunnel. The proposed model can serve as the theoretical basis for locating ruptures in underground wireless sensor network nodes, thus maximizing the monitoring range of large scale tectonic environments while minimizing equipment cost. We recommend that this model can be field tested through a series of experiments by researchers and engineers working in seismology, telecommunication, and information technology.<br /

THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) AS A BENEFICIAL HUMAN INTERVENTION INTO ROOT AND SOIL INTERACTION

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was developed in Madagascar in the ealier 1980 by Fr. Henri de Laulanié. Basic principles of SRI are: (1) the transplanting of young seedlings, preferably only 8-12 days old, this conserves the growth potential that rice plants have if they are transplanted before the start of the fourth phyllochron; (2) The young seedlings are transplanted quickly and quite carefully, taking care to minimize any trauma to the roots, also singly and with wide spacing, in a square pattern usually 25 cm x 25 cm, or even farther apart if the soil is fertile; (3) Under SRI management, paddy fields are not kept continuously flooded, instead, mostly aerobic soil conditions are maintained throughout the vegetative growth period, either by adding small amounts of water regularly, or by alternate wetting and drying (AWD); (4) a simple mechanical, soil-aerating weeder is used to control weed growth; (5) Although these methods when used with chemical fertilizer will enhance crop yield, the best yields and greatest cost-saving for farmers are attained with application of organic fertilizer or other organic matter, when available. When SRI practices are used together and as recommended, the following results are common: (1) Grain yields are usually increased by 50-100%, or sometimes more, while water applications are reduced by 30-50% since there is no continuous flooding, straw yields usually also increase, which is an additional benefit to many farmers; (2) The need to use agrochemicals for crop protection is reduced because SRI plants are naturally more resistant to pest and disease damage; (3) With reduced costs of production, including often reduced labor requirements, farmers’ net income is greatly increased with the higher yields; (4) SRI plants are better suited to withstand the effects of climate change, having greater resistance as a rule to most biotic and abiotic stresses; (5) SRI paddy usually gives higher milling out-turn, about 15%, because when milled there is less chaff (fewer unfilled grains) and less breaking of grains. These qualities are probably attributable to the effects of better root systems which can more effectively take up micronutrients from lower soil horizons. Currently, SRI practices has been introduced in many countries with modifications and adaptation to local conditions

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted in split plot design to examine the energy efficiency, productivity, and profitability of 6 rice based cropping systems for selected conservation agricultural (SCA) and the conventional (CNV) practices during the years 2010 to 2012. Results revealed that rice crop grown in wet season with SCA resulted in higher net energy, energy output: input ratio, energy productivity, and net returns as compared to CNV. Also, in the dry season, higher yield, net return, net energy and the net economic water productivity (NEWP) were noted for the SCA. Among the dry season crops, sunflower recorded highest net energy (57.2 GJ ha−1) followed by horsegram and cabbage. The NEWP was highest for babycorn (US $ 0.198 m−3), followed by cabbage and sweetcorn. However, the per cent increase in net return, net energy and the NEWP for SCA as compared to the CNV was highest for horsegram followed by sunflower. Despite having low system productivity, rice-sunflower and rice-horsegram cropping systems were more energy efficient with high net energy of 194.4 and 169.4 GJ ha−1, respectively. These two systems were low water demanding and helped in buildup of soil organic carbon, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).Not Availabl

Neurocysticercosis presenting as Millard Gubler syndrome

Neurocysticercosis is a common childhood neurological illness in India. A variety of presentations have been reported in the literature, including weber syndrome. Neurocysticercosis, manifesting as Millard Gubler syndrome, have not been reported in literature. Therefore, we report a child presented to us with Millard Gubler syndrome due to pontomedullary neurocysticercosis and was treated successfully

Ground motion prediction equation for NW Himalaya and its surrounding region

An attenuation relationship, also known as a Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE), has been developed for the Northwest Himalaya and its surrounding region. This GMPE utilizes strong motion data recorded by two networks: the National Center for Seismology Network and the strong motion network installed by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee named PESMOS. For the development of this GMPE, 309 strong motion records from 86 earthquakes that occurred between 2005 and 2021 were considered. The selected earthquakes have magnitudes ranging from 3.0 to 6.9. In this study, the average of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of two horizontal components was used to develop the new attenuation relationship. A multi-regression model was chosen for the analysis. The proposed attenuation relationship is.Log10 PGA = 1.889 + 0.3996 × M - 0.95736 log10 (HD + exp (0.4114 × M)) ± 0.3646Where, PGA is peak horizontal acceleration in gal of strong ground motion, M is the magnitude, and HD is the hypocentral distance from the source. The standard error of the proposed relationship is 0.3646. This newly developed attenuation relationship holds significance for various applications, including site-specific studies, seismic hazard estimation, ground motion simulation, earthquake early warning (EEW), and engineering applications. It provides valuable insights into the behavior of ground motion in the Northwest Himalayan region, allowing for better preparedness and mitigation strategies against seismic hazards in the area

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Not AvailableA field experiment carried out with organic manures and mineral fertilizers along with absolute control. There were 12 treatments comprising 10t ha-1 sheep manure, 4t ha-1 vermi-compost, recommended doses of fertilizers (90:40:30 kg ha-1 of N:P:K) alone or in combination with Azotobacter and PSB inoculants. Results revealed that biological sequestration of carbon (C) of fennel was higher with 10 t ha-1 sheep manure and seeds inoculated with PSB over the other treatments and was least in control. However, C accumulation in various parts of crop was more in stover (990.7 kg ha-1) followed by seed (699.6 kg ha-1) and roots (507.1 kg ha-1). Similarly, highest CO2 offset can be achieved by using 10 t ha-1 sheep manure along with PSB in a season (10.03 t ha-1) or per day (62.7 kg ha-1 day-1) basis. Among the manures, C foot print was also higher with 10 t sheep manure along with PSB inoculants thereby net balance of CO2 offsets was higher with vermicompost (4t ha-1) than sheep manure. The net balance of CO2 offset was second highest with PSB and least with control. The pool of soil organic carbon in rhizospheric soil was higher with vermi-compost followed by recommended doses of fertilizers and sheep manure. Therefore, it can be assumed that highest CO2 offset can be credited by fennel with vermi-compost. However, highest growth, yield and ‘C’ sequestration can be achieved by sheep manure along with bio-fertilizers.Not Availabl