Стандарты обеспечения законности осуществления негласной деятельности в уголовном процессе: правовые позиции Европейского Суда по правам человека и компаративное исследование

The subject of research is the implementation of covert activities in criminal proceedings through the prism of international acts, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.The purpose of the work is to formulate common standards for ensuring the legality of implementing covert activities in criminal process through the prism of legal positions of the European Court Of Human Rights.The methodological basis or research isthe totality of general and special scientific methods of scientific cognition. The formal-legal (legal-technical) method was used to study the rules of law, to analyze the features of legal technique; and the hermeneutical method revealed the legal content of the norms, legislative proposals and defects in legal regulation. The statistical method helped to generalize judicial practice of ECHR. While building up the system of the standards for the ensuring the legality of implementing covert activities in criminal process we used the system-structural method.The main results and conclusions. The analysis of the legal positions of the ECHR made it possible to conditionally single out the following standards for ensuring the legality of the implementation of covert activity in criminal proceedings:– predictability. Its essence lies in the fact that the grounds, procedural order, conditions, timing, the circle of persons and crimes in relation to which it is allowed to carry out covert activities should be as detailed, clear and accurate as possible in the criminal procedural legislation. Moreover, any person had the opportunity to familiarize himself with the relevant regulatory prescriptions and foresee the actions that can be carried out in relation to him;– warranty against abuse. The content of this standard can be disclosed by more detailed highlighting of clarifying provisions ("substandards"). These include: control of interference in human rights and freedoms; the certainty of the circle of persons in relation to whom it is possible to carry out secret activities; limited corpus delicti, for the purpose of investigation or prevention of which covert activity is allowed; the existence in national legislation of procedures that facilitate the law of the implementation of covert activity in criminal proceedings; the temporary nature of the implementation of secret activities in the criminal process;– verifiability. The essence of this standard can be disclosed through the establishment of judicial control over the decision of the issue regarding the possible destruction of information obtained in the course of conducting covert activities, which is not relevant to criminal proceedings, as well as the requirement for the mandatory opening of decisions that were the basis for conducting covert investigative actions;– exclusivity. The main content of this standard is that covert activity in criminal proceedings can be carried out only in cases where the disclosure or prevention of a crime in another way is impossible or is too complicated;– proportionality of the intervention and its expediency. The essence of this standard is that the implementation of certain covert coercive actions that are associated with the restriction of human rights and freedoms must be proportionate to the goals for which such actions are directed. Moreover, these goals and the applied coercion must be necessary in a democratic society;– inadmissibility of tacit interference in the communication of some subjects. First of all, this requirement concerns the need to legislatively guarantee non-interference in communication between a lawyer and his client, a priest and an accused, etc., which means a ban on targeted control over the communication of certain subjects, as well as the obligation to destroy information obtained in the course of an accidental, situational interfering with their communication.Анализируются правовые позиции Европейского Суда по правам человека, касающиеся процессуального порядка проведения негласных следственных действий в уголовном процессе. Выделяются стандарты обеспечения их законности. С целью всестороннего раскрытия данной проблематики также используется компаративный подход к исследованию, который способствовал выяснению особенностей воплощения выделенных стандартов в законодательстве некоторых стран

Методы получения трихлорсилана для производства поликристаллического кремния

Novel technical solutions and ideas for increasing the yield of solar and semiconductor grade polycrystalline silicon processes have been analyzed. The predominant polycrystalline silicon technology is currently still the Siemens process including the conversion of technical grade silicon (synthesized by carbon-thermal reduction of quartzites) to trichlorosilane followed by rectification and hydrogen reduction. The cost of product silicon can be cut down by reducing the trichlorosilane synthesis costs through process and equipment improvement. Advantages, drawbacks and production cost reduction methods have been considered with respect to four common trichlorosilane synthesis processes: hydrogen chloride exposure of technical grade silicon (direct chlorination, DC), homogeneous hydration of tetrachlorosilane (conversion), tetrachlorosilane and hydrogen exposure of silicon (hydro chlorination silicon, HC), and catalyzed tetrachlorosilane and dichlorosilane reaction (redistribution of anti-disproportioning reaction). These processes remain in use and are permanently improved. Catalytic processes play an important role on silicon surface, and understanding their mechanisms can help find novel applications and obtain new results. It has been noted that indispensable components of various equipment and process designs are recycling steps and combined processes including active distillation. They provide for the most complete utilization of raw trichlorosilane, increase the process yield and cut down silicon costВ работе проведен анализ новых технических решений и идей, направленных на повышение производительности процессов получения поликристаллического кремния «солнечного» и полупроводникового качества. Доминирующей технологией поликристаллического кремния остается Сименс-процесс, включающий перевод технического кремния (получаемого карботермическим восстановлением кварцитов) в трихлорсилан с последующими ректификационной очисткой и водородным восстановлением. Для снижения стоимости получаемого кремния необходимо уменьшать затраты на производство трихлорсилана путем совершенствования технологии и аппаратурного оформления. Рассмотрены преимущества, недостатки и пути снижения производственных затрат четырех известных методов получения трихлорсилана: взаимодействием хлористого водорода с техническим кремнием «direct chlorination» (DC), гомогенным гидрированием тетрахлорсилана (конверсией), реакцией тетрахлорсилана и водорода с кремнием «hydro chlorination silicon» (HC), а также взаимодействием тетрахлорсилана и дихлорслана в присутствии катализатора (реакцией перераспределения или анти-диспропорционирования). Эти методы остаются актуальными и постоянно совершенствуются. Большую роль играют каталитические процессы на поверхности кремния, понимание механизма которых позволит найти новые приложения и получить новые результаты. Отмечено, что необходимыми элементами аппаратурно-технологических схем являются рециклы и совмещенные процессы, в том числе реактивная дистилляция. Это позволяет наиболее полно использовать исходный трихлорсилан, получать полезные продукты и снижать стоимость изготавливаемого кремния

ВЛИЯНИЕ УСЛОВИЙ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПЕРВОГО КАСКАДА ТРЕХКАСКАДНОГО СОЛНЕЧНОГО ЭЛЕМЕНТА НА РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ФОСФОРА В ГЕРМАНИИ

In0,01Ga0,99As/In0,56Ga0,44P /Ge structures for the first tandem of three−tandem A3B5/Ge solar cells were synthesized using MOS hydride epitaxy. The p—n–junction was formed by boron diffusion into gallium doped germanium. Phosphorus and gallium profiles in germanium were measured using SIMS. We show thatchanges in the phosphine flow do not affect the phosphorus distribution and the p—n–junction depth in the germanium stage.Методом МОС−гидридной эпитаксии изготовлены структуры In0,01Ga0,99As/In0,56Ga0,44P/Ge, представляющие собой первый каскад трехкаскадных солнечных элементов AIIIBV/Ge.P—n−переход сформирован диффузией фосфора в германий, легированный галлием. Методом ВИМС получены профили фосфора и галлия в германии. Показано, что изменение потока фосфина не влияет на характер распределения фосфора и глубину p—n−перехода в германиевом каскаде

Advanced results of Fortelyzin® use in the FRIDOM1 study and real clinical practice

Aim. To study the effectiveness of Fortelyzin® in subgroups with different body weights in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the FRIDOM1 study and real clinical practice.Material and methods. Fortelyzin® was administered in a single-bolus dose of 15 mg over 10 seconds, regardless of the body weight of patients. Metalyse® was administered in a single-bolus dose of 30-50 mg over 10 seconds, depending on body weight. The one-year results of the FRIDOM1 study were evaluated by the clinical centers using telephone contact. Monitoring of Fortelyzin® use was carried out by inpatient physicians, emergency doctors and paramedics by filling out a monitoring sheet in the period from June 2013 to December 2021 in 19243 patients with STEMI.Results. In the FRIDOM1 study, the distribution of patients depending on body weight in the Fortelyzin® (n=190) and Metalyse® (n=191) drug groups was as follows: up to 60 kg — 4 people each (p=1,00); from 60 to 70 kg — 21 and 23 (p=0,87); from 70 to 80 kg — 39 and 43 (p=0,71), from 80 to 90 kg — 63 and 47 (p=0,07); from 90 to 100 kg — 30 and 41 (p=0,19); over 100 kg — 33 people (p=1,00) in each group. The effectiveness of thrombolysis according to electrocardiographic (ECG) data in the Fortelyzin® and Metalyse® groups was as follows: up to 60 kg — 75% each (p=1,00); from 60 to 70 kg — 76% vs 83% (p=0,72); from 70 to 80 kg — 82% vs 86% (p=0,76); from 80 to 90 kg — 81% vs 77% (p=0,64); from 90 to 100 kg — 80% vs 81% (p=1,00); over 100 kg — 79% vs 76% (p=1,00); in total — 80% vs 80% (p=0,87). The effectiveness of thrombolysis according to coronary angiography (CAG) (TIMI 2-3) in the Fortelyzin® and Metalyse® groups was as follows: up to 60 kg — 100% vs 50% (p=0,43); from 60 to 70 kg — 81% vs 67% (p=0,48); from 70 to 80 kg — 74% vs 84% (p=0,41); from 80 to 90 kg — 70% vs 72% (p=1,00); from 90 to 100 kg — 67% vs 66% (p=1,00); over 100 kg — 58% vs 64% (p=0,80); in total — 70% vs 71% (p=0,76). The one-year survival rate in the FRIDOM1 study in the Fortelyzin® and Metalyse® groups was 94% (p=0,91). The administration of Fortelyzin® in patients with STEMI caused blood flow restoration according to ECG data in 14624 of 19243 patients (76%), while according to CAG (TIMI 2-3) — in 3422 of 4805 patients (71%). Inhospital mortality was 5% (n=962), while intracranial hemorrhage developed in 0,5% (n=92).Conclusion. The use of Fortelyzin® in the FRIDOM1 study and in real clinical practice in a single-bolus (10 sec) dose of 15 mg in patients with STEMI with any body weight showed its high efficacy and safety, including at the prehospital stage

Relationship of psychoalgological status and results of neurosurgical treatment of patients with discogenic radiculopathy

The OBJECTIVE was to improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with discogenic radiculopathy by preoperative neuropsychological examination of patients with an increased risk of unsatisfactory outcome of the operation.METHODS AND MATERIALS. Neuropsychological status of 77 patients with discogenic radiculopathy in the preoperative period was studied. For this purpose, we assessed the intensity of pain, levels of personal and situational anxiety and the presence and severity of depression. The obtained data were compared with postoperative results of quality of life assessment for the main parameters, which include the level of pain and adaptation to daily activities.RESULTS. Data from neuropsychological tests were revealed, the presence of which in patients with discogenic pain syndrome suggests the risk of an unsatisfactory assessment of the operation performed by the patient. According to the long-term results of neurosurgical treatment, patients were divided into three groups: 1 – with a good result; 2 – patients with a number of preserved complaints, who rated the result of the operation as satisfactory; 3 – unsatisfactory outcome. In patients with unsatisfactory results of surgical treatment of discogenic radiculopathies with pain syndrome, patterns of psychological indices were found that were significantly associated with the outcome of treatment.CONCLUSION. Conducting a neuropsychological examination prior to surgery with the identification of predictors of chronic discogenic pain and patient dissatisfaction with the results of treatment can influence the surgical tactics and optimize the process of further treatment