Effect of Vegetable Based Lubricants on Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Pressure

This research aimed at investigating vegetable based lubricant as a replacement for chemical based lubricants on extrusion pressure of equal channel angular extrusion of Aluminum. In the process, aluminum alloy (Al 6063) was heated at 350°C for one hour, machined and cut to billets size of 11.95 m x 11.95 m x 40 m (l × b × h). The billets were extruded through die of 12 mm x 12 mm channel cross-section area, the channel angle was 60°. Four vegetable based lubricants namely jatropha, neem, castor and cotton seed oils were used. The die was centrally located on the bed of vertical hydraulic testing machine and the billet was inserted into the entrance channel. Lubrication was applied to the billet to decrease its friction and with the channel inner wall. The ram displacement per plunger speed was 1 mm per 1 second respectively. For each lubricant, four samples were extruded through ECAE die to confirm the repeatability of the results and the average values of the extrusion pressure were computed. The results were compared to the sample extruded via conventional lubricants. It was discovered of all the extruded samples, jatropha oil gave the least extrusion pressure of 83 kN, cottonseed oil extruded at 104 kN and castor oil at 151.4 kN while neem oil require the highest pressure at 220.9 kN. The chemical based lubricants that serve as the control from the literature gave the extrusion pressure of 81 kN. It can be concluded that the oil from jatropha seed is the best in terms of extrusion pressure and can effectively replace the chemical based lubricants

USE OF FERMENTED CASSAVA, PALM KERNEL CAKE AND DRIED BREWERS«¤?? GRAINS TO PRODUCE MAIZE- FREE LOW-COST DIETS FOR LAYING HENS

An experiment was carried out to determine the performance of laying hens fed maize-free diets based on combinations of fermented cassava tuber meal (FCMT), palm kernel cake (PKC) and dried brewers«¤?? grains (DBG) as source of energy. Diet I (control) contained maize as the main source of energy while diets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 contained FCTM, PKC and DBG at percentages of 30, 20, 20; 35, 15, 20; 35, 20, 15; 25, 20, 25 and 25, 25 and 20, respectively, completely eliminating maize. Each diet was fed to a group of 24 laying hens for 12 weeks, using completely randomized design (CRD). The layers on the maize-free diets tended to consume more feed than those on the control diet. The group on diet 3 (35%: 15%: 20%) recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher hen-day egg production (69.50%) than those on the other diets. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in egg weights. The group on the control diet and that on diet 3 recorded significantly (P<0.05) superior feed conversion ratios. Haugh unit of the eggs from diet 4 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the others. Diets 3 recorded the lowest feed cost of egg production with the value of N178.67 per kg eggs as against N210.25 per kg eggs from the control. The results of the trial have shown that fermented cassava tuber meal, palm kernel cake and dried brewers«¤?? grains can be used to produce maize-fee low-cost diets for laying hens if properly combined

USE OF FERMENTED CASSAVA, PALM KERNEL CAKE AND DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS TO PRODUCE MAIZEFREE LOW-COST DIETS FOR LAYING HENS

An experiment was carried out to determine the performance of laying hens fed maize-free diets based on combinations of fermented cassava tuber meal (FCMT), palm kernel cake (PKC) and dried brewers’ grains (DBG) as source of energy. Diet I (control) contained maize as the main source ofenergy while diets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 contained FCTM, PKC and DBG at percentages of 30, 20, 20; 35, 15, 20; 35, 20, 15; 25, 20, 25 and 25, 25 and 20, respectively, completely eliminating maize. Each diet was fed to a group of 24 laying hens for 12 weeks, using completely randomized design (CRD). Thelayers on the maize-free diets tended to consume more feed than those on the control diet. The group on diet 3 (35%: 15%: 20%) recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher hen-day egg production (69.50%) than those on the other diets. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in egg weights. Thegroup on the control diet and that on diet 3 recorded significantly (P<0.05) superior feed conversion ratios. Haugh unit of the eggs from diet 4 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the others. Diets 3 recorded the lowest feed cost of egg production with the value of N178.67 per kg eggs as against N210.25 per kg eggs from the control. The results of the trial have shown that fermented cassava tuber meal, palm kernel cake and dried brewers’ grains can be used to produce maize-fee low-costdiets for laying hens if properly combined

Assessing the Life Average Daily Dose (Ladd) due to Heavy Metal Contents in Water Samples from Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, South West Nigeria

The consumption of water with elevated concentration of lead (Pb) can prevent Hemoglobin Synthesis (Anemia) and results in Kidney diseases. A cross sectional study was conducted in to estimate the risk of exposure to lead via groundwater and bottled water ingestion pathway for the population of Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun Sate using Perkin Elmer Optima 8000 ICP-OES. The concentration of Pb, Cr, Cd and As varies from water sample to another with the highest value of .7.07 ¹gL¡1 was noted in borehole water sample (BH1) behind John Hall. Comparing the value with the International recommended level by USEPA and WHO respectively, 7.07gL¡1is less than 15¹gL¡1 and 10 ¹gL¡1. The Life Average Daily Dose (LADD) estimated in this present study reported higher in BH1 for lead (Pb) and could pose health hazard if accumulated for a long time. This work suggest measures to employ quality water treatment plant to reduce the level of heavy metals in the selected water samples and also more research on radioisotopes in the same water sample

Experimental analytical design of CNC machine tool SCFC based on electro-pneumatic system simulation

AbstractA Smart Clamping Force Control (SCFC) is adapted to hold sensitive workpiece using magnetic proximity switch during a machining operation on the CNC machine tool. It has been ascertained that work-holding of different workpiece materials and shapes during machining operation is one of the problems encountered during CNC milling machining operations. This work proposes a novel clamping strategy for workpieces with the aid of SCFC. The purpose of the study is to adjust the forward movement of the clamp and reduce the damage caused by the clamp on the workpiece, this depends on the material of the work-piece. The speed of the clamp is reduced using the inlet flow control throttle valve and a magnetic proximity switch (MPS). It provides careful handling of workpiece and prevent it from damage and as well optimizes the forward movement of the cylinder. The proposed strategy is based on dynamic machine loading in which the impact of applied forces were monitored to optimize the clamping control system of the machine tool. The mode of operation and performance of the SCFC were simulated in the FluidSIM® software, and the validated results was presented on Festo workstation. This work therefore further elucidate the fundamental design criterion for machine tool clamping forces and the sustainable manufacture of its components

Evaluation of Vegetable Based Lubricants on Hardness Property of ECAE Aluminum

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is the extrusion method that involve s the use of angular die to introduce plastic deformation on any metal espec ially aluminum which in turn improves its hardness. Lubricant’s role cannot be under estimated in the process as it requires reducing the high heat of deformation and extrusion pressure in- volved. The commonly used lubrican ts for this process were from orga nic sources, very scarce and non - environmentally friendly. Hence , it is a great advantage to in vestigate alternative extrusion lubricant from vegetable source. Four vegetable based lubricants such as jatropha oil, castor oil, neem oil and cottonseed oil were selected for this research . The properties of these selected oils were characterized to its physical and chemical properties. Aluminum rod was machined to 17 billets of size 11.95m x 11.95m x 40m (l × b × h) each and was annealed. The billet size was selected based on the configurations of the fabricated ECAE die. Four billets were extruded with each lubricant which makes the tot al of 16billets extruded for the four lubricants and the last billet was used as the con- trol. The hardness of the extruded sa mples was evaluated after the extrusion and compared to the control. The hardness result was compared to the sample extrude d with organic based lubricants from the literature It was di s- covered that all the lubricants tested greatly enhanced hardne ss of the extruded sample but at different magnitude. Jatropha oil exhibit s the greatest hardness on extrusion of Aluminu

Available online www.ejaet.com European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 201 7 , 4 ( 8 ): 592 - 596 Research Article ISSN: 2394 - 658X 592 Evaluation of Vegetable Based Lubricants on Hardness Property o f ECAE Aluminum

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is the extrusion method that involve s the use of angular die to introduce plastic deformation on any metal espec ially aluminum which in turn improves its hardness. Lubricant’s role cannot be under estimated in the process as it requires reducing the high heat of deformation and extrusion pressure in- volved. The commonly used lubrican ts for this process were from orga nic sources, very scarce and non - environmentally friendly. Hence , it is a great advantage to in vestigate alternative extrusion lubricant from vegetable source. Four vegetable based lubricants such as jatropha oil, castor oil, neem oil and cottonseed oil were selected for this research . The properties of these selected oils were characterized to its physical and chemical properties. Aluminum rod was machined to 17 billets of size 11.95m x 11.95m x 40m (l × b × h) each and was annealed. The billet size was selected based on the configurations of the fabricated ECAE die. Four billets were extruded with each lubricant which makes the tot al of 16billets extruded for the four lubricants and the last billet was used as the con- trol. The hardness of the extruded sa mples was evaluated after the extrusion and compared to the control. The hardness result was compared to the sample extrude d with organic based lubricants from the literature It was di s- covered that all the lubricants tested greatly enhanced hardne ss of the extruded sample but at different magnitude. Jatropha oil exhibit s the greatest hardness on extrusion of Aluminu

Lomustine Nanoparticles Enable Both Bone Marrow Sparing and High Brain Drug Levels – A Strategy for Brain Cancer Treatments

Purpose The blood brain barrier compromises glioblastoma chemotherapy. However high blood concentrations of lipophilic, alkylating drugs result in brain uptake, but cause myelosuppression. We hypothesised that nanoparticles could achieve therapeutic brain concentrations without dose-limiting myelosuppression. Methods Mice were dosed with either intravenous lomustine Molecular Envelope Technology (MET) nanoparticles (13 mg kg-1) or ethanolic lomustine (6.5 mg kg-1) and tissues analysed. Efficacy was assessed in an orthotopic U-87 MG glioblastoma model, following intravenous MET lomustine (daily 13 mg kg-1) or ethanolic lomustine (daily 1.2 mg kg-1 - the highest repeated dose possible). Myelosuppression and MET particle macrophage uptake were also investigated. Results The MET formulation resulted in modest brain targeting (brain/ bone AUC0-4h ratios for MET and ethanolic lomustine = 0.90 and 0.53 respectively and brain/ liver AUC0-4h ratios for MET and ethanolic lomustine = 0.24 and 0.15 respectively). The MET formulation significantly increased mice (U-87 MG tumours) survival times; with MET lomustine, ethanolic lomustine and untreated mean survival times of 33.2, 22.5 and 21.3 days respectively and there were no material treatment-related differences in blood and femoral cell counts. Macrophage uptake is slower for MET nanoparticles than for liposomes. Conclusions Particulate drug formulations improved brain tumour therapy without major bone marrow toxicity

A cost-effectiveness analysis of provider and community interventions to improve the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Nigeria: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence of poor adherence by health service personnel to clinical guidelines for malaria following a symptomatic diagnosis. In response to this, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that in all settings clinical suspicion of malaria should be confirmed by parasitological diagnosis using microscopy or Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). The Government of Nigeria plans to introduce RDTs in public health facilities over the coming year. In this context, we will evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two interventions designed to support the roll-out of RDTs and improve the rational use of ACTs. It is feared that without supporting interventions, non-adherence will remain a serious impediment to implementing malaria treatment guidelines. METHODS/DESIGN: A three-arm stratified cluster randomized trial is used to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of: (1) provider malaria training intervention versus expected standard practice in malaria diagnosis and treatment; (2) provider malaria training intervention plus school-based intervention versus expected standard practice; and (3) the combined provider plus school-based intervention versus provider intervention alone. RDTs will be introduced in all arms of the trial. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients attending facilities that report a fever or suspected malaria and receive treatment according to malaria guidelines. This will be measured by surveying patients (or caregivers) as they exit primary health centers, pharmacies, and patent medicine dealers. Cost-effectiveness will be presented in terms of the primary outcome and a range of secondary outcomes, including changes in provider and community knowledge. Costs will be estimated from both a societal and provider perspective using standard economic evaluation methodologies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01350752

Examining equity in access to long-lasting insecticide nets and artemisinin-based combination therapy in Anambra state, Nigeria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In order to achieve universal health coverage, the government of Anambra State, southeast Nigeria has distributed free Long-lasting Insecticide treated Nets (LLINs) to the general population and delivered free Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) to pregnant women and children less than 5 years. However, the levels of coverage with LLINS and ACTs is not clear, especially coverage of different socio-economic status (SES) population groups. This study was carried out to determine the level of coverage and access to LLINs and ACTs amongst different SES groups.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A questionnaire was used to collect data from randomly selected households in 19 local government areas of the State. Selected households had a pregnant woman and/or a child less than 5 years. The lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) methodology was used in sampling. The questionnaire explored the availability and utilization of LLINs and ACTs from 2394 households. An asset-based SES index was used to examine the level of access of LLINS and ACTs to different SES quintiles.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>It was found that 80.5 % of the households had an LLIN and 64.4 % of the households stated that they actually used the nets the previous night. The findings showed that 42.3 % of pregnant women who had fever within the past month received ACTs, while 37.5 % of children ≪5 years old who had malaria in the past month had received ACTs. There was equity in ownership of nets for the range 1–5 nets per household. No significant SES difference was found in use of ACTs for treatment of malaria in children under five years old and in pregnant women.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The free distribution of LLINs and ACTs increased household coverage of both malaria control interventions and bridged the equity gap in access to them among the most vulnerable groups.</p