Theory of elastic interaction between colloidal particles in the nematic cell in the presence of the external electric or magnetic field

The Green function method developed in Ref.[S. B. Chernyshuk and B. I. Lev, Phys. Rev. E \textbf{81}, 041707 (2010)] is used to describe elastic interactions between axially symmetric colloidal particles in the nematic cell in the presence of the external electric or magnetic field. General formulas for dipole-dipole, dipole-quadrupole and quadrupole-quadrupole interactions in the homeotropic and planar nematic cells with parallel and perpendicular field orientations are obtained. A set of new results has been predicted: 1) \textit{Deconfinement effect} for dipole particles in the homeotropic nematic cell with negative dielectric anisotropy $\Delta\epsilon<0$ and perpendicular to the cell electric field, when electric field is approaching it's Frederiks threshold value $E\Rightarrow E_{c}$. This means cancellation of the confinement effect found in Ref. [M.Vilfan et al. Phys.Rev.Lett. {\bf 101}, 237801, (2008)] for dipole particles near the Frederiks transition while it remains for quadrupole particles. 2) New effect of \textit{attraction and stabilization} of the particles along the electric field parallel to the cell planes in the homeotropic nematic cell with $\Delta\epsilon<0$ . The minimun distance between two particles depends on the strength of the field and can be ordinary for . 3) Attraction and repulsion zones for all elastic interactions are changed dramatically under the action of the external field.Comment: 15 pages, 17 figure

Targeted genome engineering via zinc finger nucleases

With the development of next-generation sequencing technology, ever-expanding databases of genetic information from various organisms are available to researchers. However, our ability to study the biological meaning of genetic information and to apply our genetic knowledge to produce genetically modified crops and animals is limited, largely due to the lack of molecular tools to manipulate genomes. Recently, targeted cleavage of the genome using engineered DNA scissors called zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) has successfully supported the precise manipulation of genetic information in various cells, animals, and plants. In this review, we will discuss the development and applications of ZFN technology for genome engineering and highlight recent reports on its use in plants