Іронія Оґдена Неша (Orgen Nash`s irony)

У цій роботі ми розглядаємо іронію у когнітивно-комунікативному аспекті, спираючись на теорію інференційної моделі комунікації Д. Спербера і Д. Уілсон. Особливостями іронії Оґдена Неша ми вважаємо таке: (а) позитивне і прийнятне з точки зору суспільства представлено як неадекватне, а отже, сміховинне; (б) автор може насміхатися з головного персонажа/наратора, але гадана недолугість останнього спричинена невідповідністю суспільним нормам і поглядам; це створює ефект «непрямої», «переадресованої» іронії; (в) авторська іронія м’яка; у ряду форм комічного гумор – іронія – сарказм вона тяжіє радше до першої, ніж до останньої. (Ogden Nash’s irony is a very specific phenomenon. The number of poems whose irony can be traditionally regarded as critical attitude under the guise of praise is comparatively small. For the purpose of this article, irony is viewed from a cognitive/communicative perspective. Our research is based on the inferential model of communication put forward by Relevance Theory (D. Sperber and D. Wilson). Researching the nature of irony, Sperber and Wilson begin with the philosophical principle of use and mention. Use is a statement about reality. An ironic utterance does not make any statement, it makes mention of other people’s words or ideas, even of those ideas that have not been explicated, but, in the speaker’s opinion, may be entertained. Irony is regarded as echoic mention. A speaker dissociates themselves from the content of an utterance; their intention is to express critical attitude to what has been said or to conventionally or situationally ascribed opinions. The distinctive features of Ogden Nash’s irony are as follows: (a) things that are considered to be appropriate by society are presented as inappropriate, ridiculous; (b) by the look of it, the author mocks the main character/narrator; but the latter’s seeming lack of particular qualities results from disagreement with conventional views of their social environment; hence the effect of «indirect», redirected irony; (c) the author’s irony is gentle; in the line humour – irony – sarcasm, this form of creating comic effect tends to the former rather than the latter.

Dynamical lymphadenectomy as a component of multidisciplinary approach while doing operative interventions for pancreatic cancer

Objective. To improve the results of treatment of pancreatic cancer, using modification of volumes of lymphadenectomy and application of multidisciplinary approach. Materials and methods. Into the investigation 16 patients, suffering a moderately differentiated (G2) adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic gland head (II stage of the disease) were included. There were 10 men and 6 women. The average age of the patients have constituted 62.4 yrs old. The patients were divided into two groups – the main and the comparative one, equally - by 8 of every group. In all the patients pancreaticoduodenal resection was done. All the patients in postoperative period have obtained gemcitabine in combination with 5-fluorouracyl. In patients of the main group a dynamical personalized intraoperative lymphadenectomy in accordance to our elaborated scheme, was performed. In patients of the comparison group lymphadenectomy was performed in accordance to the volumes adjusted, and it is called a standard one. Results. Average duration of the operation have constituted (347 ± 48) min, lymphadenectomy – (42 ± 12) min in the main group, and (31 ± 9) in the comparison group. Average volume of the blood loss have constituted (342 ± 272) ml. Average duration of hospitalization have constituted (8.2 ± 4.3) days, general rate of postoperative complications – 24.3% in both groups. After the operation the mortality was absent. Clinically significant lymphorrhea was observed in 3 patients in the main group, and in 5 – from the comparison group. In patients of the main group 9 ± 2 lymph nodes were excised, and in a comparative one – 13 ± 2, there were revealed 7 ± 1 (77.7%) and 9 ± 2 (60%) lymph nodes affected, accordingly. Postoperative diarrhea have occurred in 4 patients: in 3 – from comparative group, and in 1 – from the main group. Duration of the recurrence-free period in the main group have constituted (18 ± 2.3) mo, and in a comparative one – (13 ± 1.5) mo. Two years have survived 12/16 (75%) patients. In the main group one patient died, and in a comparative one - 3. The two-year survival in the main group have constituted 87.5%, and in a comparative one – 62.5%. Conclusion. Dynamical lymphadenectomy as a component of multidisciplinary approach gives possibility to reduce the quantity of the lymph nodes excised, unaffected by the tumor, to enhance the quantity of the excised lymph nodes trustworthily affected by the tumor, to lower the morbidity rate and to prolong the duration of the recurrence free period